Chapters 14 & 15: Learning, Motivation, & The Self Flashcards
(44 cards)
Learning
in behaviorism, a change in behavior as a result of experience
Behaviorism (or Behaviorist Approach)
the theoretical view of personality that focuses on overt behavior and the ways in which it can be affected by rewards and punishments in the environment
a modern variant is the social learning approach, which adds a concern with how behavior is affected by observation, self-evaluation, and social interaction
also called the learning approach
Functional Analysis
in behaviorism, a description of how a behavior is a function of the environment of the person or animal that performs it
Habituation
the decrease in response to a stimulus on repeated applications
this is the simplest kind of learning
Classical Conditioning
the kind of learning in which an unconditioned response (such as salivating) that is naturally elicited by one stimulus (such as food) becomes elicited also by a new, conditioned stimulus (such as a bell)
Learned Helplessness
a belief that nothing one does matters, derived from an experience of random or unpredictable reward or punishment, and theorized to be a basis of depression
Respondent Conditioning
Skinner’s term for classical conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Skinner’s term for the process of learning in which an organism’s behavior is shaped by the effect of the behavior in the environment
Reinforcement
in operant conditioning, a reward that, when applied following a behavior, increases the frequency of that behavior
in classical conditioning, this refers to the pairing of an unconditioned stimulus (such as food) with a conditioned stimulus (such as a bell)
Self-Efficacy
one’s beliefs about the degree to which one will be able to accomplish a goal if one tries
Self-Concept
a person’s knowledge and opinions about herself
Observational Learning
;earning a behavior by watching someone else do it
Goal
in learning and cognitive approaches to personality, a desired end state that serves to direct perception, thought, and behavior
Strategy
a sequence of activities directed toward a goal
Entity Theory
in Dweck’s theory of motivation, an individual’s belief that abilities are fixed and unchangeable
Incremental Theory
in Dweck’s theory of motivation, an individual’s belief that abilities can increase with experience and practice
Procedural Knowledge
what a person knows but cannot really talk about
sometimes called knowing how
Emotional Intelligence
the ability to perceive emotions accurately in oneself and others and to control and use one’s own emotions constructively
Cognitive Control
using rational thinking to regulate one’s emotions and to control how one reacts to emotional feelings
Ontological Self
the somewhat mysterious inner self of thinking, observation, and experience
also called the I, as opposed to the me or epistemological self
Epistemological Self
knowledge of one’s own personality traits, experiences, and other attributes
also called the me, as opposed to the I or the ontological self
Declarative Knowledge
information held in memory that is able to be verbalized
sometimes called knowing that
Declarative Self
an individual’s (conscious) opinions about his or her own personality traits and other relevant attributes
Self-Esteem
the degree to which a person thinks he or she is good or bad, worthy or unworthy
