Chapters 27-31 Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
_____ is the study of
- what body parts look like
- how big they are
- where they are located
- how they connect to other body parts
A
anatomy
2
Q
_____ is the study of how the body parts work
A
physiology
3
Q
The levels of organization that makes up each ____ are
- cells
- tissues
- organs
- organ system
A
organism
4
Q
The basic unit of life, can only be seen with a microscope Capable of : -organization -metabolism -growth -reproduction
A
cells
5
Q
_____ help the cell to make the energy it needs to stay alive and to rid itself of waste products
A
organelles
6
Q
The organelles float in a jelly-like substance called _____
A
cytoplasm
7
Q
The _____ of the cell is like the cells brain, it contains all the information the cell needs to do its job, grow, and reproduce
A
nucleus
8
Q
A ______ surrounds the cytoplasm and gives the cell its shape
A
cell membrane
9
Q
When cells that are similar in structure and specialized to perform a specific function join together, they form ____
A
tissue
10
Q
There are ____ main types of tissue in the human body
A
four
11
Q
_______ lines the inside of the blood vessels, the abdominal cavity, and the chest cavity
- the purpose is for protection, covers the outside of the body, lines its internal structures, forms glands
- covers the lungs and heart
A
epithelial tissue
12
Q
______ forms the mucous membrane that line the
- digestive tract
- respiratory tract
- urinary tract
- reproductive tract
A
epithelial tissue
13
Q
Connects other tissues together, supports and forms the framework for all of the body parts, example:
- bone
- cartilage
- ligaments
- tendons
- fatty tissues
A
connective tissue
14
Q
_____ is also considered a form of connective tissue
A
blood
15
Q
3 types of muscle tissue :
A
skeletal
smooth
cardiac
16
Q
Attaches to the bones and allows for movement of the various parts of the body
-voluntary
A
skeletal muscle
17
Q
Found in the walls of the blood vessels, stomach, intestines, bladder, and other hollow organs
-involuntary
A
smooth muscle
18
Q
Forms the heart, contraction and relaxation of this muscle pumps blood throughout the body
-involuntary
A
cardiac muscle
19
Q
Conducts information, forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Allows one part of the body to talk to another part
-nerves carry information to the brain to be processed and interpreted
-the brain sends commands to other parts of the body through the nerves
A
nervous tissue
20
Q
______ includes the skin, glands, hair, nails
-it protects the body
A
integumentary system
21
Q
A group of tissues functioning together for a similar purpose form an _____
A
organ
22
Q
Group of organs that work together to perform a specific body function for the body
A
organ system
23
Q
Includes the bones
-function is to provide a frame for the body and give the body shape
A
skeletal system
24
Q
Includes the muscles
-works along with the skeletal system to enable the body to move
A
muscular system
25
`Includes the lungs and airways
- allows for exchange of gases with the environment
- allows us to take in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular metabolism
respiratory system
26
Includes the blood, heart, blood vessels
- transports nutrients and oxygen to the cells of the body
- carries waste products away from the cells
cardiovascular system
27
Includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves
- controls the functioning of the other organ systems
- allows us to interact with our environment through the special senses
nervous system
28
Consists of glands throughout the body
- glands secretes chemical substances called hormones
- hormones control the function of certain organs
endocrine system
29
The _____ includes the teeth, salivary glands, tongue, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder
- take in food and water
- digest food into nutrients
- absorb the nutrients into the bloodstream
- remove solid waste from the body in the form of feces
digestive system
30
The _____ consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
-removes liquid waste from the body in the form of urine
urinary system
31
The ______ consists of the sex organs, such as the ovaries, testes, and accessory organs
- allows the human body to produce new life
- without a means of reproduction, human life cease to exist
reproductive system
32
All of the organ systems work together to maintain _____ or balance
- means staying the same
- when the external or internal environment changes, the organ systems must make adjustments to compensate for the change
homeostasis
33
______ are believed to play a role in approximately half of all illness, caused by pathogens
infectious diseases
34
_____ occur when the tissues of the body wear out
- arthritis
- muscular dystrophy
- osteoporosis
- Alzheimers disease
They can be inherited, or caused by infection, injury, or aging
degenerative diseases
35
These disorders occur when a persons diet
- lacks certain nutrients
- has too much of any one nutrient (vitamins)
- has too many calories
ex: obesity
nutritional disorders
36
____ occur when
- the body is unable to metabolize or absorb certain nutrients
- the body secretes either too much of one type of hormone or not enough
Ex: diabetes
metabolic disorders
37
_____ change the way the immune system behaves
- sometimes as in AIDS, the disease reduces the immune systems ability to flight off infection
- can cause body to start attacking its own tissues
immune disorders
38
The word neoplasm means new growth, cancers or tumors are neoplasms
- can cause problems by invading otherwise healthy tissues
- the presence of the new growth prevents the tissues from functioning properly
neoplastic diseases
39
Mental disorder that affect a persons ability to function normally, such as depression, are also considered diseases
psychiatric disorders
40
Largest organ of the body-skin
- approximately 22 sq ft, 8 to 10 lbs
- function is to cover and protect the body
- can give clues to what is going on inside
* jaundice
* pallor (pale)
* flushing (redness)
* cyanosis
integumentary system
41
The skin is made up of two layers
The ____ is the outer layer of the skin
The ____ is the deepest layer of the skin
epidermis
dermis
42
Thickest on the soles of the feet and the palms of the hands
Very thin in areas such as the eyelids
-contains no blood vessels
epidermis
43
The epidermis has two sublayers
- a deep layer where the new cells are produced
* produces ____ and ____
- a surface layer
keratin
melanin
44
_____ causes cells to
- thicken
- become resistant to water
____ is a dark pigment that
- gives our skin, hair, and eye color
- helps to protect the skin from exposure to sunlight
keratin
melanin
45
- Consist of elastic connective tissue that allow it to stretch and move without damage
- Rest on a layer of fat called the subcutaneous tissue
dermis
46
- blood vessels and nerves that supply the skin originate in the subcutaneous tissue and send branches into the ___
- the sensory receptors that allow us to feel pressure, pain, and temperature are located in the ____
- the sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and the hair follicles are also found in the ____
dermis
47
The skins ______ include:
- sebaceous glands
- sweat galnds
- hair
- nails
accessory structures
48
Secrete sebum, an oily substance that :
- lubricates the skin
- helps to prevent it from drying out
- helps to protect the skin from harmful bacteria that may be present on its surface
- is slightly acidic
sebaceous glands
49
- are found in the skin that covers most parts of our bodies
- produce a thin, watery liquid that contains salt and small amounts of other bodily wastes
- help cool the body through the process of evaporation
eccrine glands
50
- are found in the skin of the armpits and the perineum
- produce a thicker substance
- produce what we know as body odor
- become active when a person reaches puberty
- become less active as we age
apocrine glands
51
The bodys first line of defense against the invasion of harmful microbes is _____
The ____ is a physical barrier that prevents microbes from entering the body
-offers protection against harmful substances that may be encountered in the environment
intact skin
skin
52
The skin helps to maintain the bodys ____ by preventing excessive loss or absorption of water
-being water-resistant, skin forms a protective barrier between your internal organs and the outside world
fluid balance
53
When a person gets warm
- blood vessels in the dermis of the skin ____, allowing more blood to flow close to the surface of the skin
- the heat contained in the blood radiates out from the body, ____ the temperature of the blood
- The cooled blood then travels back to the central areas of the body, thus ____ the body temp
dilate
lowering
lowering
54
When a person gets cold
- blood vessels in the dermis of the skin ____, causing less blood to flow close to the surface of the skin
- the blood remains in the ____, central areas of the body, minimizing the amount of heat lost to the outside environment
constrict
warmer
55
Skin contains millions of _____ that allow us to detect pain, pressure, temperature, and touch
Skin produces ____ when exposed to the sun
Skin is an active ____ that is capable of
- removing substances from the body
- taking substances into the body
sensory receptors
vitamin D
organ
56
Wrinkles form due to the loss of _____, a protein that supports connective tissue
-thinning of the adipose fatty tissue with age
collagen
57
Age spots or liver spots are caused by deposits of ____ in certain areas such as the back of the hands or on the face
melanin
58
Skin becomes fragile and dry due to loss of ____ from the dermis
- the subcutaneous layer thins
- skin becomes thinner, more fragile, and more prone to injury
collagen
59
_____ in blood flow to the dermis
- cells of the epidermis do not replace themselves as rapidly
- skin takes longer to heal itself when an injury occurs
- person is more at risk for developing an infection
decrease
60
Number of sebaceous glands ____ with age
- the output of sebum decreases leading to drying of the skin
- risk for skin tears and injuries increases
- bacteria that normally live on the surface of our skin have more chance to cause trouble
decrease
61
An older person is at risk for heat related problems such as _____
heat stroke
62
_____ also known as decubitus ulcers or bed sores form when
- part of persons body presses against surface for a long period of time
- person is lying on wrinkled bed linens or on an object in the bed
- person sits on bedpan for a long period of time
- person wears a splint or brace
- skin breakdown leads to the formation
- likely to form over bony prominences
pressure ulcers
63
____ is tissue death as a result of a lack of oxygen
The necrotic skin and underlying tissue peel off or break open creating an open sore
- weight of persons body squeezes the soft tissue between the bone and the surface the person is resting on
- blood to the tissue is disrupted
- lack of blood to the tissue deprives the tissue of oxygen and nutrients, causing it to die
necrosis
64
- reddened area of the skin that does not return to normal color after pressure is removed
- area becomes very pale or white and develop a shiny appearance
- if skin stays red, feels hot to the touch or is painful report to nurse
stage 1 pressure ulcer
65
- looks like blister, an abrasion, or a shallow crater
- epidermis peels away or cracks open creating a portal of entry for microbes
- dermis may be partially worn away
stage 2 pressure ulcer
66
- epidermis and dermis are gone
- subcutaneous fat may be visible in the crater
- drainage from the wound may occur
stage 3 pressure ulcer
67
-the crater of damaged tissue extends from the tissues to the muscle or bone
stage 4 pressure ulcer
68
An injury that results in a break in the skin (and usually underlying tissues)
- planned surgical and medical procedures
- trauma
- pressure ulcers
- burns
wounds
69
A _____ is a result of planned surgical or medical intervention
- IV insertion
- surgical incision
- precautions taking to minimize risk of infection
- edges clean and even closed with staples or sutures
intentional wound
70
An _____ is an unexpected injury that usually results from some type of trauma
- falls
- car accidents
- gun and knife violence
Can be open or closed
unintentional wound
71
```
If ____ is left open
-increased risk of infection and scar tissue
-takes longer to heal
Closed
-minimizes risk of infection
-reduces scarring
```
wound
72
- open wounds are closed surgically with sutures or staples
- helps speed up healing
- minimizes scarring
first-intention wound healing
73
- infected or contaminated with dirt wounds may be cleaned and rinsed and left open to heal from the inside out
- results in a wider more noticeable scar
- prevents an unresolved infection from delaying the wound healing process
second-intention wound healing
74
- a wound is left open for a period of time to make sure that an infection is not going to occur
- wound edges are cleaned and closed with sutures or staples to speed the healing process
third-intention wound healing
75
Allows frequent dressing changes without tape
montgomery ties
76
- wound is covered with foam like dressing
- tubing embedding in foam
- all covered with transparent adhesive film
- end of tubing connected to vacuum
- creates suction which removes drainage from wound
- stimulates blood flow and new tissue growth in wound
vacuum assisted closure therapy (VAC)
77
____ cause injury to the epidermis
- sunburns, hot stove burns
- associated redness and pain usually goes away after a few days
superficial (first-degree) burns
78
____ penetrate into the dermis of the skin
- blisters
- very painful and the loss of epidermis increases the risk of infection
partial thickness (second degree) burns
79
____ involve the epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer, underlying muscles and bines
- tx include surgery and skin grafts to heal
- high infection rates
- scarring can cause disfigurement and contractures of extremities
full thickness (third degree) burns
80
Any break in the skin
lesion
81
Lesions occurring in a group localized or systemic
ex: shingles
rash
82
Inflammation of the skin
dermatitis
83
Type of chronic dermatitis, severe itching, scaling, and crusting of the surface of the skin
eczema
84
Redness of the skin
erythema
85
Small, flat, reddened lesions that often looks like freckles
macules
86
Small, raised, firm, lesions
papules
87
Small, blister like lesions that contain watery clear fluid
vesicles
88
Vesicles that contain pus, which is thick yellowish fluid that is a sign of infection
pustules
89
An ____ is an abrasion or a scraping away of the surface of skin
-caused by trauma, chemicals, burns, urine or feces
excoriation
90
Crack in the skin
fissure
91
An _____ is a shallow crater that is formed when the tissue dies and the dead tissue is shed, leaving a crater behind
ulcer
