Chapters 4-9 Flashcards
(85 cards)
1
Q
Amount of canadians that will die of cancer
A
1/4
2
Q
Most common cancer
A
Breast
3
Q
Frequency of mammagrams
A
2-3 years
4
Q
Prostate Specific Antigen Test
A
Blood test for prostate cancer
5
Q
2nd highest cause of cancer death
A
Colorectal
6
Q
% that are moderately active
A
49%
7
Q
Most inactive gender
A
Women
8
Q
Needed amount of activity each week
A
150 min
9
Q
5 stages of sleep
A
Theta waves
Sleep spindles and K complex waves
Delta waves (deep sleep)
Beta waves (REM sleep)
10
Q
Ghrelin
A
Promotes appetite
11
Q
Leptin
A
Signals fullness
12
Q
Sleep apnea
A
Air pipe blockage that disrupts sleep
13
Q
5 steps of behaviour change
A
Specify problem behaviour Gather baseline data Design modification program Execute program Evaluate effectiveness
14
Q
Overt
A
Something we do or don’t do
15
Q
Covert
A
Cognitions and emotions
16
Q
3 things involved in self monitoring
A
Initial response level of problem behaviour
Antecedents
Consequences
17
Q
Satiation
A
Reinforcer loses motivation power
18
Q
Shaping
A
Reinforce closer and closer approximations to desired behaviours
19
Q
% of teens that smoke regularly
A
10%
20
Q
Experimenters
A
Smoke 5 or fewer cigarettes a day. Have protective factors to prevent them form smoking heavily
21
Q
3 Neurotransmitters that enhance memory
A
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Vasopressin
22
Q
Social Influence Intervention
A
Children smoke through modelling of others
23
Q
Behavioural Inoculation
A
Exposure to a weak version of a persuasive message may help develop counterarguments so that a stronger version of the message can be successfully resisted
24
Q
3 components to social influence intervention
A
Info on the negative effects is constructed to appeal to adolescents
Non smoker is conveyed as self-reliant and independent
Peer group used to facilitate non- smoking
25
2 ways to define stress
```
Environmental stimulus (stressor)
Response to a stressor
```
26
Walter Cannon
SAM
27
SAM
Sympathetic NS
Endocrine System (Adrenal medulla)
Secretion of catecholamines that arouse body
28
Hans Selye
Father of stress response
| Effects of prolonged stress-- GAS model
29
General Adaptation Syndrome
Alarm-- body is aroused and mobilized
Resistance-- Adapts to stress, increased immunity
Exhaustion-- Energy resources are depleted
30
Hypothalamic- Pituitary- Adrenocortical System
Adrenal cortex releases corticosteroids to provide energy for fight or flight
31
Stress as a process
Continuous transactions between person and environment
32
Stress
Condition when person-environment transactions lead to a perceived discrepancy between situational demands and person's biopsychosocial resources for coping with demands
33
Primary Appraisal
What does this event mean to me? (Good, bad, neutral)
34
Negative appraisal
Harm
Threat
Challenge
35
Secondary Appraisal
Are resources sufficient to meet demands of stressor
36
Coping
Efforts to manage perceived discrepancy between appraised demands and resources
37
Overt coping
Action oriented
38
Covert coping
Psychological processes
39
Problem focused coping
Control the stressful event. Reduce demands and increase resources
40
Emotion focused coping
Control our emotional response when we can't change the situation
41
Rational Emotive Therapy
Stress results from irrational beliefs
42
Cognitive Restructuring
Reduce stress by changing irrational beliefs
43
ABCD Model
Activating the environmental event
Irrational Beliefs
Emotional consequences
Disputing beliefs and replacing them with rational beliefs
44
3 criticisms of the GAS model
Limited role of psychological factors
Assumes stress response is uniform
Says stress is an outcome not a process
45
Tend and Befriend
Humans respond to stress with social and nurturant behaviour-- seek social support
46
Neurotransmitter released in tend and befriend
Oxytocin
47
Harm
Damage that has already been done by event
48
Threat
Possible future damage
49
Challenge
Potential to overcome or even profit from stress event
50
Allostatic Load
Accumulating adverse effects of stress in conjunction with pre- existing risks, on biological stress regulatory systems
51
Acute Stress Paradigm
Person goes through moderately stressful activities in a lab so that changes in emotional and physiological functioning can be assessed
52
Holmes and Rahe
Substantial adjustment to environment induces stress
53
Lazarus
Daily hassles scale
54
Role Conflict
Person receives conflicting info about work tasks and standards by different individuals
55
Stress Moderator
Modify how stress is experienced and the effect it has
56
Negative Affectivity
Chronic bad mood
57
Psychological Control
Belief you can determine your behaviour and bring about desired outcomes
58
Approach coping
Engage in cognitive/ emotional efforts to deal with long term threats
59
Avoidant Coping
Deal better with short- term threats
60
Emotional approach coping
Focusing on and working through emotions experienced in conjunction with a stressor
61
5 tasks of coping
Reduce harmful environmental conditions and enhance prospect of recovery
Tolerate or adjust to negative events
Maintain positive self image
Maintain emotional equilibrium
Continue satisfying relationships with others
62
Tangible assistance
Material support from others
63
Direct effects hypothesis
Social support is beneficial during both stressful and non stressful periods
64
Buffering hypothesis
Benefits are chiefly evident during periods of high stress
65
Dyadic coping
Interplay of stress experienced by one partner and the coping reactions of the other
66
Matching hypothesis
Match between one's needs and what they receive from their social network
67
Mindfulness Based stress reduction
Training in meditation to help people self- regulate stress reactions and negative emotions
68
Secondary intervention
Stopping an illness after it develops
69
3 types of sensory receptors
Mechanoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Pain receptors
70
5 psychological factors in perceiving symptoms
```
Focus of attention
Cognitive set
Expectations
Emotions
Prior learning
```
71
Cognitive set
More likely to perceive symptoms when your'e thinking of them
72
Illness schema
Representations allow us to extract meaning from symptoms
73
3 sources of illness representations
Semantic associations with disease names
Past experiences with different illnesses
Information from others
74
Lay referral network
Informal network of family and friends
75
Psychological reactance
We have a free set of behaviours we feel we have the ability and right to perform. When they are threatened or eliminated it causes psychological reactance
76
5 factors influencing the magnitude of psychological reactance
Magnitude of threat
Importance of free behaviour
Confidence that we possess free behaviour
Threat is perceived as unjustified or illegitimate
Available alternatives to threatened behaviour
77
Worried Well
Perceive minor symptoms as serious. Committed to self- care
78
Somaticizers
Express their psychological distress through bodily symptoms
79
Secondary Gains
Benefits from illness that reinforce it and prevent a person form returning to health
80
Appraisal delay
Time to decide if the symptom is serious
81
Illness delay
Time between recognition of illness and seeking treatment
82
Behavioural Delay
Time between deciding to seek treatment and actually doing it
83
Nosocomial Infection
Results from exposure to disease in a hospital setting
84
Burnout
Emotional exhaustion, cynicism, low job self- efficacy
85
Nurse practitioner
RN that can order tests and prescribe drugs
