Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology > Chapters 4 and 5 > Flashcards

Chapters 4 and 5 Flashcards

1
Q

A stimulus innately capable of eliciting a response

A

UCS (Unconditioned Stimulus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

an innate reflex

response elicited by a UCS

A

UCR (Unconditioned Response)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

A stimulus that evokes a response because it has been repeatedly paired with a UCS

A

CS (Conditioned Stimulus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A learned response elicited by a CS

A

CR (Conditioned Response)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

There is no connection between the NS and the response without conditioning

A

NS (Neutral Stimulus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Any object, event, or experience that causes a reaction

A

Stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The reaction of an organism

A

Response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The repeated pairing of an NS and UCS

A

Acquisition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to, but not identical to, a conditioned stimulus

A

Stimulus Generalization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The tendency to respond differently to similar stimuli

A

Stimulus Discrimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Behavior disappears, but is not lost, as what is learned does not appear to ever be unlearned, just weakened so that it is no longer eveident

A

Extinction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

After its apparent extinction, the reappearance of a learned response when the CS is presented, although the response is usually weak and short-lived if the CS is not presented again

A

Spontaneous Recovery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur ton learned stimuli, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person

A

Conditioned Emotional Response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Classcial conditioning of an involuntary response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person

A

Vicarious Conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Reversing the conditioned behavior to the point prior to conditioning

A

Counterconditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Examples of Classical Conditioing

A

Little Albert, Needles, and Animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Also called the Learned taste aversion and Garcis Effect

A

Conditioned Taste Aversion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

reducing fear or anxiety by repeatedly exposing a person to emotional stimuli while the person is deeply relaxed

A

Systematic Desensitization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Based on consequences of responding (voluntary behavior). If you like the consequence of a behavior, you are more likely to repeat the behavior. If you do not like the consequence of a behavior, you are less likely to repeat the behavior

A

Operant Conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Who coined the term “operant conditioning and who actually described it and published a report on his learning experiments with animals?

A

B. F. Skinner coined the term.

E. L. Thorndike had the report.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more like to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation

A

Law of Effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Learning an involuntary behavior depends on what comes before the response, unconditioned stimulus, and what will become the conditioned stimulus

A

Antecedent Stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

any process that increases the likelihood that a particular response will occur

A

Reinforcement

24
Q

Appear to be innate and to satisfy biological needs; primary reinforcers include food, water, warmth, novel stimulation, physical activity, sexual gratification, and removal of a painful stimulus (intracranial self- stimulation of the brain’s pleasure center seems to also serve as a primary reinforcer, but this is only experimental)

A

Primary Reinforcers

25
Q

A stimulus that has acquired its reinforcing value through training and through being paired with a primary reinforcer; examples include money, praise, gold stars, a pat on the back (money can be exchanged for a primary reinforcer)

A

Secondary Reinforcers

26
Q

A type of secondary reinforcement; learned desires for attention and approval, which can be instrumental in changing the behavior of others, especially children

A

Social Reinforcers

27
Q

Reinforcement refers to any process that something is given to increases the likelihood that a response will recur

A

Positive Reinforcement

28
Q

For some behaviors, such as pay for a week’s work, reinforcement may be delayed without weakening the reinforcement effect

A

Delay of Reinforcer

29
Q

At the beginning of the learning process or during training, the reinforcer must be presented following every, or almost every, response for learning to take place.

A

Consistency

30
Q

It is important to use a reinforcer that is actually reinforcing

A

Quality of Reinforcer

31
Q

A reinforcer follows every correct respose; used for training new responses

A

Continuous reinforcement

32
Q

Based on response occurrence; a set number of correct responses must be made before a reinforcer is available; usually produces a very high response rate, followed by a pause after reinforcement

A

Fixed Ration Schedule

33
Q

Based on response occurrence; the number of correct responses in order for a reinforcer to be available varies; variable ratio is based on an average; usually produces a very high response rate; a powerful schedule of reinforcement, typically resistant to extinction

A

Variable Ratio Schedule

34
Q

Based on passage of time, on interval of time; a set period of time must pass before a reinforcer becomes available, after which the reinforcer is acquired with one correct response; usually produces a moderate response rate; typically follows a scallop pattern

A

Fixed Interval Schedule

35
Q

Based on passage of time, on interval of time; a variable period of time must pass before a reinforcer becomes available, after which the reinforcer is acquired with one correct response; variable interval is based on an average; usually produces a slow, steady response rate; a powerful schedule of reinforcement, typically resistant to extinction

A

Variable Interval Schedule

36
Q

Successive approximations to a desired response are reinforced; any behavior in the direction of the target behavior is reinforced;
many of our behaviors are learned through shaping

A

Shaping

37
Q

Learned responses that are not reinforced fade away gradually; in a sense, behavior disappears; through time the extinguished behavior may return (spontaneous recovery), but it will again extinguish if not reinforced

A

Operant Extinction

38
Q

Reinforcement refers to any process that something is taken away increases the likelihood that a response will recur

A

Negative Reinforcement

39
Q

Any behavior that results in escape from an aversive condition is reinforced

A

Escape Conditioning

40
Q

Any behavior that results in avoiding an aversive condition is reinforced; powerful method of learning

A

Avoidance Conditioining

41
Q

Refers to the process through which the consequences of behavior (a response) decreases the likelihood that the behavior will recur

A

Punishment

42
Q

Also called punishment by application; a stimulus is given, such as pain or discomfort, so that the likelihood of a behavior recurring is less likely

A

Positive Punishment

43
Q

Also called punishment by removal or response cost; a stimulus is removed, such as privileges, so that the likelihood of a behavior recurring is less likely

A

Negative Punishment

44
Q

Punishment appears to work best when it is given as the behavior occurs or immediately afterward

A

Timing

45
Q

haphazard punishment appears to have little effect

A

Consistency

46
Q

Intense punishment may permanently stop a behavior, but it may have unintended side effects

A

Intensity

47
Q

Parents and others who have responsibility for training children have three basic tools for training, what are they?`

A

Reinforcement, Extinction, and Punishment- in that order

48
Q

The use of objects called token to reinforce behavior in which the tokens can be accumulated and exchanged for desired items or privileges

A

Token Economy

49
Q

An internal representation of an area; animals and human beings form them; we also sometimes form them with information or concepts

A

Cognitive Maps

50
Q

Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and that remains unexpressed until reinforcement is provided; sometimes you do not realize that you have learned something until it is later called upon or rewarded

A

Latent Learning

51
Q

Learning resulting in understanding or ”catching on” quickly; it appears that the more you learn, the more likely you are to have greater insight ability

A

Insight

52
Q

Learning by observation, achieved by watching and imitating the actions of another or noting the consequences of those actions

A

Modeling

53
Q

Observed reinforcement of the behavior of a model, which also increases the probability of the same behavior in the observer

A

Vicarious Reinforcement

54
Q

Observed punishment of the behavior of a model, which also decreases the probability of the same behavior in the observer

A

Vicarious Punishment

55
Q

Martin Seligman found through his experiments in which could not escape pain, that helplessness could be learned and may help to explain depression in people

A

Learned Helplessness

Psychology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions