Chapters 42,43,44

Question 1

Gas exchange in the aquatic salamander known as the axoloti is correctly described as

Answer 1

simple diffusion of oxygen into the salamander from the water

Question 2

Circulatory systems compensate for

Answer 2

the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances

Question 3

An anthropologist discovers the fossilized heart of an extinct animal. Evidence indicates that hte organism’s heart was large, well-formed, and had four chambers with no connection between the right and left sides. A reasonable conclusion supported by these observations is that the

Answer 3

animal was endothermic and had a high metabolic rate

Question 4

Which of the following is the correct continuous sequence of blood flow in reptiles and mammals?

Answer 4

Vena Cava → Right Atrium → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Circuit

Question 5

A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. To travel from the artery in the arm to the left ventricle, this blood cell must pass through how many capillary beds?

Answer 5

Two

Question 6

Which of the following organisms has no specialized respiratory structures?

Answer 6

Earthworms

Question 7

Counter-current exchange in the gills of fish helps to maximize

Answer 7

diffusion

Question 8

A group of students was designing an experiment to test the effect of smoking on grass frogs. They hypothesized that keeping the frogs in a smoke-filled environment for defined periods would result in the animals developing lung cancer. However, when they searched for previously published information to shore up their hypothesis, they discovered they were quite wrong in their original prediction. Even though they were never going to go ahead with their experiment (so as not to harm frogs needlessly), they now know that a more likely outcome of putting carcinogens in the air would be the development of

Answer 8

skin cancer

Question 9

An “internal reservoir” of oxygen in resting muscle is found in oxygen molecules bound to

Answer 9

myoglobin

Question 10

A significant increase in the amount of interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary beds of a human’s lung will cause

Answer 10

a decrease in the amount of oxygen moving from the lungs into the blood

Question 11

Acidity in human sweat is an example of:

Answer 11

innate immunity

Question 12

fruit fly that is internally infect by a potentially pathogenic fungus is protected by

Answer 12

its antimicrobial peptides

Question 13

An inflammation-causing signal released by mast cells at the site of an infection is

Answer 13

histamine

Question 14

An antigen __________

Answer 14

is a foreign molecule that evokes a specific response by a lymphocyte

Question 15

Adaptive immunity depends on

Answer 15

pathogen-specific recognition

Question 16

The receptors on T cells and B cells bind to

Answer 16

antigens

Question 17

Clonal selection implies that

Answer 17

antigens increase mitosis in specific lymphocytes

Question 18

Secondary immune responses upon a second exposure to a pathogen are due to the activation of

Answer 18

memory cells

Question 19

The function of antibodies is to

Answer 19

mark pathogenic cells for destruction

Question 20

Vaccination increases the number of

Answer 20

lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen

Question 21

Organisms categorized as osmoconformers are most likely

Answer 21

found in marine environments

Question 22

The fluid with the highest osmolarity is

Answer 22

seawater in a tidal pool

Question 23

A human who has no access to freshwater but is forced to drink seawater instead

Answer 23

will excrete more water molecules than taken in because of the high load ion ingestion

Question 24

The necropsy (postmortem analysis) of a freshwater fish that died after being placed accidentally in saltwater would likely show

Answer 24

loss of water by osmosis from cells in vital organs resulted in cell death and organ failure

Question 25

Freshwater fish excrete nitrogenous wastes as ____________

Answer 25

ammonia

Question 26

Birds, insects, and many reptiles excrete nitrogenous wastes in the form of uric acid, which _____________

Answer 26

reduces water loss compared to other nitrogenous wastes but requires more metabolic energy to produce

Question 27

For mammals, the advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that

Answer 27

urea is less toxic than ammonia

Question 28

In animals, nitrogenous wastes are produced mostly from the catabolism of

Answer 28

proteins and nucleic acids

Question 29

As a result of the non-selectivity of he kidney’s filtration (movement of fluid across the glomerular capillaries) of small particles ___________

Answer 29

useful substances must be selectively reabsorbed

Question 30

African lungfish - which are often found in small, stagnant pools of freshwater - produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is the advantage of this adaptation?

Answer 30

mall stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute the toxic ammonia

Question 31

Circulatory System

Answer 31

• some type of fluid
• open or closed
• blood vessels, circulatory fluid, and type of pump
• helps speed up diffusion

Question 32

Open Circulatory System

Answer 32

• heart, hemolymph surrounding organs, and pores
• energy efficient
• small body type

Question 33

Closed Circulatory System

Answer 33

• artery, veins, heart, and capillaries
• controlled blood path
• more energy, higher pressure
• capillaries are spot for exchange

Question 34

Single Circulatory System

Answer 34

• two chambered heart
• atrium receives blood
• ventricle pumps blood
• fish, rays, and sharks
• heart->gills->body->heart

Question 35

Double Circulatory System

Answer 35

• heart consists of two pumps with a varied number of chambers
• blood follows pulmonary and systemic circuits
• pulmonary=low oxygen blood to lungs
• systemic=high oxygen blood to tissue
• amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds

Question 36

Pulmocutaneous Circuit

Answer 36

• amphibian
• wet environment
• low oxygen content
• not good at aerobic cellular respiration
• 3 chamber heart: 2 atria and 1 ventricle

Question 37

Pulmonary Circuit

Answer 37

• reptiles, mammals, birds
• higher energy demands
• ectotherm
• 4 chamber heart

Question 38

gas exchange

Answer 38

• the diffusion of gases from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
• concentration gradient drives it
• requires a large surface area (ex: air sacs in lungs)

Question 39

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of water as a respiratory medium

Answer 39

• Air is less dense and less thick= easier to move and to force through small passageways
• water is more energy demanding; the amount of O2 dissolved in a given volume of water varies but it always less than in an equivalent volume of air
• Water has lower O2 content, greater density, and greater viscosity
• fish=developed gills with countercurrent exchange

Question 40

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of air as a respiratory medium

Answer 40

• air tubes that branch throughout the body; the largest tubes, called tracheae, open to the outside, finest branches extend close to the surface of nearly every cell, where gas is exchanged by diffusion across the moist epithelium that lines the tips of the tracheal branches
• transport O2 and CO2 without the participation of the animal’s open circulatory system.
• diffusion through the tracheae brings in enough O2 and removes enough CO2 to support cellular respiration (smaller incests)
• higher energy demands by ventilating their tracheal systems with rhythmic body movements that compress and expand the air tubes like bellows (large incests)
• mammals=alveoli that exchange on surface

Question 41

Compare/contrast the respiratory system of birds and mammals

Answer 41

• birds have posterior and anterior air sacs, and have 2 separate inhalations and exhalations
• mammals have alveoli that exchange gas on surface

Question 42

innate immune response

Answer 42

nonspecific defense mechanisms that come into play immediately or within hours of an antigen’s appearance in the body

Question 43

innate immune response in invertebrates

Answer 43

• barrier defense=exoskeleton
• enzymatic defense=lysozyme
• cellular defense=hemocyte, phagocytosis, may release antimicrobial proteins

Question 44

innate immune response in vertebrates

Answer 44

• barrier=epidermis, epithelial tissue, and secretion
• cellular=leukocytes and natural killer cells
• antimicrobial peptides=interferon and complement proteins that interfere with cell making copies, and stick to antigens, improve antibodies, and destroy cell
• inflammatory= initiated by histamine

Question 45

B cells

Answer 45

make antibodies

Question 46

T cells

Answer 46

helper and fighter cells

Question 47

antigens

Answer 47

part of cell

Question 48

antibodies

Answer 48

another protein from a different cell

Question 49

clonal selection

Answer 49

random process of mutation into white blood cells

Question 50

primary immune response

Answer 50

body’s first exposure to an antigen

Question 51

secondary immune response

Answer 51

occurs when the second time the person is exposed to the same antigen, immunological memory has been established and the immune system can start making antibodies immediately

Question 52

osmoregulation

Answer 52

controlling of water/salt levels

Question 53

stenohaline

Answer 53

aquatic, able to tolerate only a narrow range of salinity, describes most animals