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Major's Bio > Test #3 > Flashcards

Test #3 Flashcards

1
Q

codon

A
  • set of 3 nucleotides of mRNA that codes for the placement of an amino acid during translation
  • humans have 64
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2
Q

start codon

A

tells ribosome where the beginning of the gene is

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3
Q

stop codon

A

tells the ribosome when to stop

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4
Q

promotor sequence

A

specific sequences of DNA nucleotides that RNA polymerase uses to find a protein-coding region of DNA and to identify which of the two DNA strands is the coding strand

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5
Q

terminator sequence

A

DNA sequences that indicate when RNA polymerase should finish making an RNA molecule

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6
Q

anticodon

A

trio of bases in the tRNA that is involved in base-pairing

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7
Q

gene

A
  • section of DNA that codes for a protein or pieces of RNA and determines traits
  • able to replicate by directing the manufacture of copies of themselves
  • can get mutated
  • stores information that determines the characteristics of cells and organisms
  • uses information to direct synthesis of a protein
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8
Q

polyribosome

A

a cluster of ribosomes held together by a strand of mRNA that each ribosome is translating

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9
Q

intron

A

sequences of mRNA that do not code for a protein

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10
Q

exon

A

sequences of mRNA that codes for a protein

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11
Q

mutation

A

any change in the DNA sequences of an organism

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12
Q

transposon

A

a non-protein coding DNA

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13
Q

transcription

A
  • process of using DNA as a template to synthesize RNA
  • RNA polymerase “reads” the DNA and attaches to it and begins to build a new protein
  • beings when the enzyme separates the two strands of DNA
  • exposes the nitrogen bases so one strand can be “read”
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14
Q

translation

A
  • process of using information in RNA to direct protein synthesis by attaching amino acids to one another
  • imitation is when the start codon, AUG, ends the tRNA
  • elongation is when the amino acid chain is growing, every time the ribosome works through a series a new amino acid is added
  • termination is when the amino acid chain is done growing when it reaches a stop codon and the protein detaches from the ribosome
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15
Q

how information is stored in DNA (genetic code)

A
  • 3 bases equal one amino acid

- amino acids attach to grow a chain that turns into a protein

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16
Q

describe the general structure of a gene

A

promotor–>exon1–>intron1–>exon2–>intron2–>exon3

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17
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA, carries the blueprint for making the necessary protiens

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18
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA, involved in the assembly of proteins

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19
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA, moves a specific amino acid into a ribosome to make a protein

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20
Q

chromosomal aberration

A

major change in DNA that can be observed at the level of the chromosome that can cause harm, especially during fetal development (deletions, inversion, translocation, and duplication)

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21
Q

deletion

A

CA, broken piece of DNA becomes lost or destroyed before its reattached

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22
Q

inversion

A

CA, occurs when a chromosome is broken and a piece becomes reattached to its original chromosome, but flipped

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23
Q

translocation

A

CA, one broken segment of DNA becomes integrated into a different chromosome

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24
Q

duplication

A

CA, portion of a chromosomes is replicated and attached to the original

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25
Q

point mutation

A

change in a single nucleotide of the DNA sequence (silent, missense, nonsense, and frameshift)

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26
Q

silent mutation

A

PM, nucleotide change that results in either the placements of the same amino acid or a different amino acid, but does not change function of a protein

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27
Q

missense mutation

A

PM, causes the wrong amino acid to be used in making a protein

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28
Q

nonsense mutation

A

PM, causes a ribosome to stop protein synthesis by introducing a stop codon early

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29
Q

frameshift mutation

A

PM, occurs when insertions or deletions cause the ribosome to read the wrong sets of 3 nucleotides

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30
Q

McClintock

A
  • studied Indian corn
  • found the location of certain genes
  • transposons which is a mechanism that can change DNA
  • American geneticist
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31
Q

Beadle and Tatum

A

“one gene-one enzyme” hypothesis

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32
Q

Lacks

A
  • diagnosed with cervical cancer
  • sample of her cells were taken
  • cells used to develop polio vaccines, cancer research, virus infections, AIDS, effects of radiation, and cell cloning
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33
Q

explain the phrase “dissolves like”

A
  • refers to polar and non polar solvents and solutes

- ex water is polar, oil is non polar, water won’t dissolve oil

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34
Q

implications and ethical questions raised by genetic engineering techniques

A
  • Are genetically modified plants truly not harmful to humans?
  • What happens if we become totally dependent on GMOs?
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35
Q

recombinant DNA

A

DNA that has been formed artificially by combing constituents from different organisms

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36
Q

genetic engineering

A

manipulating DNA for our benefit

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37
Q

biotechnology

A

using organisms for our benefit

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38
Q

cloning

A

replicate (a fragment of DNA placed in an organism) so that there is enough to analyze or use in protein production

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39
Q

restriction endonuclease

A

an enzyme produced chiefly by certain bacteria, having the property of cleaving DNA molecules at or near a specific sequence of bases

40
Q

DNA ligase

A

enzyme that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphate bond

41
Q

gene mapping

A

a method used to identify that locus of a gene and the distances between genes

42
Q

gene therapy

A

the translation of normal genes into cells in place of missing or defective ones to correct genetic disorders

43
Q

DNA fingerprinting

A

the analysis of DNA from samples of body tissues or fluids, especially when conducted to identify individuals

44
Q

gel electrophoresis

A

a lab method used to separate mixtures of DNA, RNA, or protein according to molecular size

45
Q

polymerase chain reaction

A

technique used in molecular biology to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a piece of DNA across several orders o magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence

46
Q

importance of cell division

A
  • growth and development
  • repair
  • maintenance
  • reproduction
47
Q

mitosis

A

process that results in equal and identical distribution of replicated chromosomes into two newly formed nuclei (nuclear division)

48
Q

cytokinesis

A

the division of the cytoplasm of one cell into two new cells (cell division)

49
Q

interphase

A

stage of the cell cycle during which the cell engages in normal metallic activities and prepares for the next cell division (ex photosynthesis and cellular respiration)

50
Q

G1 interphase

A
  • cell gathers nutrients and other resources from the environment
  • allows growth in volume and carry out metabolic roles
51
Q

S interphase

A

DNA replication occurs

52
Q

G2 interphase

A
  • makes microtubule proteins to help with cell division
  • membrane is still intact and nucleolus is still visible
  • centrioles replicate
53
Q

G0 interphase

A

cell is not going to divide

54
Q

Prophase

A
  • first and longest stage of mitosis
  • chromosomes condense and become visible
  • nucleoli “disappear”
  • spindle and spindle fibers form
55
Q

Prometaphase

A
  • second stage of mitosis
  • nuclear envelope fragments “disappear”
  • chromosomes connect to spindle and “jiggle about”
56
Q

Metaphase

A
  • third stage of mitosis
  • chromosomes align at the equatorial plane
  • spindle is complete
57
Q

Anaphase

A
  • fourth and shortest stage of mitosis
  • membrane is still absent and spindle extending pole to pole
  • cohesion proteins are cleaved/chromosomes separate
  • daughter chromosomes being moving toward opposite poles via motor proteins
58
Q

Telophase

A
  • final stage of mitosis
  • spindle fibers break down
  • nuclear membrane reforms, chromosomes become invisible
  • nucleolus reforms
  • chromosomes arrive at poles
59
Q

differentiation

A
  • cell that has become a certain type

- ex skin cells, stomach cells, blood cells

60
Q

centromere

A

sequence of bases at the site where sister chromosomes are attached

61
Q

chromatid

A

1 of 2 parallel parts of a chromosome

62
Q

cleavage furrow

A

indentation of the plasma membrane that pinches in toward the center of the cell, eventually splitting it

63
Q

plant plant

A

forms at the center of the cell and grows out to the plasma membrane, marks the completion of mitosis and 1 round of cell division

64
Q

binary fission

A

type of asexual reproduction

65
Q

diploid

A

cell that has 2 complete sets of genetic information

66
Q

haploid

A

cell that has 1 complete set of genetic information

67
Q

gamete

A

general term for reproductive cells like egg and sperm

68
Q

zygote

A

original single cell that results form an egg and sperm

69
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

have the same order of genes along their DNA

70
Q

synapsis

A

causes homologous chromosomes to move towards each other, which causes them to line up

71
Q

crossing over

A

exchange of equivalent sections of DNA on homologous chromosomes

72
Q

segregation

A

separation and movement of homologous chromosomes to the opposite poles of a cell

73
Q

independent assortment

A

one pair of homologous chromosomes separate independently from each other

74
Q

nondisjunction

A

occurs when homologous chromosomes do not separate during meiosis and may lead to the death of cells

75
Q

linkage

A

tendency for two or more non-allelic genes to be inherited together because they are located more or less closely on the same chromosome

76
Q

aneuploidy

A
  • the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell
  • a human cell having 45 or 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46
77
Q

Prophase 1

A
  • chromosomes become visible
  • spindle fibers form
  • nuclear membrane dissolves
  • synapsis and crossing over occurs
  • nucleoli “disappear”
78
Q

Metaphase 1

A
  • chromosomes align on equatorial plane as synapsed pairs
  • centromere attaches to a spindle fiber
  • independent assortment
79
Q

independent assortment

A

line up as homologous pairs in random order

80
Q

Anaphase 1

A

-homologous chromosomes separate, move toward cell’s poles and reduction occurs

81
Q

Telophase 1

A

-spindle fibers disassemble, chromosomes uncoil, membrane reforms, nucleoli reappear, chromosomes arrive at poles

82
Q

Prophase 2

A
  • chromosomes condense and become visible
  • nucleoli “disappear”
  • spindle and spindle fibers form
  • haploid cells instead of diploid
83
Q

Metaphase 2

A

chromosomes align again

84
Q

Anaphase 2

A
  • centromere divides

- chromatids are now daughter chromosomes

85
Q

Telophase 2

A

returns to non-dividing conditions

86
Q

allele

A

specific version of a gene

87
Q

locus

A

spot on chromosome where ran allele is located

88
Q

genome

A

a set of all the genes necessary to specify an organism’s complete list of characteristics

89
Q

genotype

A

catalog of genes of an organism, whether these genes are expressed or not

90
Q

phenotype

A

physical characteristic that is shown

91
Q

homozygous

A

describes a diploid organism the has 2 identical alleles for a particular characteristic

92
Q

heterozygous

A

describes a diploid organism hat has 2 different alleles for a particular characteristic

93
Q

dominant

A

an allele that expresses itself and masks the effects of the other alleles for that trait

94
Q

recessive

A

an allele that, when present with its homologous, does not express itself and is masked by the effect of the other allele

95
Q

sources of variability by

A
  • mutations (caused by environmental agents, transposable elements, and spontaneous factors)
  • independent assortment
  • crossing over
  • migration

Major's Bio (4 decks)

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