Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Major's Bio > Test #2 > Flashcards

Test #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Aristotle

A

first to propose the idea of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hooke

A
  • bulit microscopes

- first to use the term “cell” saw in a piece of cork

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Van Leeuwenhoek

A

-made strong magnifiers, first to see individual cells and saw them as living

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Schlseiden and Schwann

A
  • plants and animals are composed of cells

- “fathers” of cell theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Virchow

A

proposed that diseases grow out of individual cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Margulis

A

serial endosymbiotic theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

shows the inner and outer part of a cell membrane and how it is composed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

cell membrane

A
  • phospholipid bilayer
  • cholesterol, carbohydrates, and proteins
  • determines what goes in and out of a cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

diffusion

A
  • passive transport
  • net movement of a kind of molecule from a place where that molecule is in a higher concentration to a place where that molecule is less concentrated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

osmosis

A
  • net movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane
  • passive transport water
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

facilitated diffusion

A
  • occurs when the rate of diffusion of a substance is increased in the presence of specific membrane proteins
  • passive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

carrier proteins

A

embraces the molecule and the releases it and returns to its original shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ion channels

A

operate like gates and is controlled by changes in electoral charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

active transport

A
  • occurs when molecules are moved across the membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
  • energy must be expended
  • goes against concentration gradient
  • uses a carrier protein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

endocytosis

A

when a larger particle or collections of material can see transported across the plasma membrane by being wrapped in membrane, rather than passing through the membrane molecule by molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

phagocytosis

A

process of engulfing larger particles, such as cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

pinocytosis

A

process of engulfing liquids and materials dissolved in the liquids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

exocytosis

A

when materials are transported out of cells in membrane-wrapped packages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

nucleus

A

central body of a cell and contains genetic material and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

cell wall

A

outlines plant cells, composed of cellulose (carbohydrate), provides strength and protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • made of membrane
  • manufactures ribosomes and proteins
  • smooth ER helps with chemical reactions
  • rough ER has ribosomes attached
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A
  • made of membrane
  • packages molecules
  • modifies molecules shipped to if from elsewhere in the cell
  • manufactures some polysaccharides and lipids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Vacuoles/Vesicles

A

membrane-enclosed containers, storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

lysosomes

A
  • tiny vesicles
  • made of membrane
  • contains enzymes capable of digesting carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids
  • formed in the golgi apparatus
  • destruction of disease cells and the breakdown of worn-out cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

mitochondria

A
  • made of membrane
  • contains the enzymes responsible for aerobic cellular respiration
  • folded membrane called cristae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

chloroplasts

A
  • membranous sac
  • photosynthesis
  • contains chlorophyll
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

ribosomes

A
  • non-membraneous
  • responsible for the synthesis of proteins from amino acids
  • made of RNA and proteins
  • help to join amino acids together to make proteins
28
Q

microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

A
  • non-membranous
  • elongated protein structures interconnected with each other
  • form cytoskeleton
  • flexible
  • assist with transport of organelles (minus IF)
29
Q

cytoskeleton

A
  • provides the cell with shape, support, and the ability to move
  • info can be transferred through
30
Q

centrioles

A
  • non-membranous
  • arrangement of two sets of microtubules at right angels to each other
  • assists in division
31
Q

cilia and flagella

A
  • non-membranous
  • hair like structures
  • composed of microtubules
  • help move cell
32
Q

inclusions

A
  • non-membranous
  • collection of materials that do not have a well defined structure
  • misc. materials
33
Q

chromatin

A
  • composed of long molecules of DNA and proteins
  • located in the nucleus
  • gets split during cell division and becomes chromosomes
34
Q

nucleolus

A
  • site of ribosomes manufacture

- specific parts of DNA become organized within

35
Q

nucleoplasm

A

cytoplasm of the nucleus

36
Q

size of cells

A
  • prokaryotic= 1-10 micrometers

- eukaryotic= 10-100 micrometers

37
Q

serial endosymbiotic theory

A
  • explains where eukaryotic cells came from
  • evolving from prokaryotic cells, pro “ate” smaller pro and eventually formed a eukaryotic which possible became the mitochondria
38
Q

concentration gradient

A

when particles move through a solution or gas from an area with a higher number of particles to an area with lower number of particles

39
Q

aquaporin

A

proteins that diffuse water

40
Q

isotonic

A

same concentration of water and molecules in and out of the cytoplasm

41
Q

hypertonic

A

cytoplasm has a weaker concentration compared to the environment

42
Q

hypotonic

A

environment has a weaker concentration compared to the cytoplasm

43
Q

hydrophilic

A

water loving; heads of phosphate molecule

44
Q

hydrophobic

A

fear of water; tails of phosphate molecule

45
Q

anabolism

A

builds up reactants to form one bigger product

46
Q

catabolism

A

breaks down a larger molecule into smaller parts

47
Q

energy of activation

A

energy absorbed before a chemical reaction

48
Q

enzyme

A

protein molecule that acts as a catalyst to speed the rate of a reaction

49
Q

active site

A

a specific spot on an enzyme where the substrate and the enzyme connect

50
Q

substrate

A

molecule to which physically fits with the reactant

51
Q

resolving power of a light microscope

A

10, 40, 100

52
Q

catalyst

A

speeds up a reaction, isn’t used up in the reaction

53
Q

affects of enzymes

A
  • temperature
  • pH
  • concentration
54
Q

enzyme inhibition

A

a molecule that attaches itself to an enzyme and interferes with ash enzyme’s ability to form an enzymes-substrate complex

55
Q

competitive inhibition

A
  • formation of a temporary enzyme-inhibitor complex that interferes with the normal formation of enzyme-substrate complexes
  • blocks active site
  • “turns off” enzyme
56
Q

negative-feedback inhibition

A
  • regulatory mechanism in which an increase in the stimulus causes a decrease of the response and results in homeostasis
  • turns the enzyme on and off
  • feeds back into the reaction
57
Q

cofactors

A

inorganic molecules that serve as enzyme helpers

58
Q

coenzymes

A

a molecule that works with an enzyme to enable the enzyme to function as a catalyst

59
Q

simple tests

A
  • carbohydrates=IKI solution
  • proteins=biuret reagent
  • lipids=paper spot test
  • sugars=Benedict’s heated up
60
Q

ADP

A

adds more energy that can bond to make ATP

61
Q

ATP

A

RNA nucleotide that handles the transfer of generic energy within living lights, contains the greatest amount of potential chemical bond energy

62
Q

NAD

A

involved in redox reactions in which it carriers electrons from one reaction to another

63
Q

NADH

A

used in electron transport

64
Q

summary equation of aerobic cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6+6 O2–>6 CO2 +6 H2O +energy (ATP +heat)

65
Q

glycolysis key facts

A
  • raw materials=6 glucose
  • takes place in cytoplasm
  • produces 2 NADH
  • produces 2 ATP
  • product is 2 pyruvate
66
Q

Kerb’s Cycle key facts

A
  • raw materials=2 pyruvate
  • takes place in mitochondria
  • no oxygen needed
  • produces NADH and 2 ATP
  • product is 6 CO2s
67
Q

Electron Transport key facts

A
  • raw materials=NADH an dO2
  • takes place in mitochondria cristae
  • oxygen is needed
  • products are H2O and ATP

Major's Bio (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions