Chapters 6.4-6.7

Question 1

Regulatory Proteins

Answer 1

Proteins that control and regulate various processes in the cell

Question 2

Transcription factors

Answer 2

proteins that regulate gene expression; regulatory proteins

Question 3

Regulatory Sequences

Answer 3

stretches on DNA that interact with regulatory proteins to control transcription (helps control or regulate gene expression)
-An example of a regulatory sequence is a promoter

Question 4

A second example of a regulatory sequence is an enhancer (regions).
What are they?

Answer 4

-Enhancers are regions of DNA that contain control elements
-Each control element can either have a positive or negative impacts on gene expression

Question 5

Similarities and differences between Regulatory proteins and Regulatory Sequences

Answer 5

Similarity:
-both control expression of gene
-Controls whether a protein is made or not
-nteract with each other

Differences:
-Regulatory sequences are part of the DNA, Regulatory proteins not part of the DNA
-Regulatory sequence is a promoter and an enhancer, Regulatory protein is transcription factor

Question 6

Histone proteins

Answer 6

used to organize DNA can do it in a condensed or compacted way

Question 7

Unacetylated histone tail

Answer 7

Compact: DNA not accessible for transcription

Question 8

Acetylated histone tails

Answer 8

Looser: DNA accessible for transcription

Question 9

You can add or take away ____ groups from DNA

You can add or remove _____ groups from histone proteins, this can cause the DNA to compact or loosen up

Answer 9

Methyl, Acetyl

Question 10

The phenotype of a cell or organism is determined by?

Answer 10

the combination of genes that are expressed and the levels at which they are expressed

Question 11

Ways that eukaryotic genes can be regulated

Answer 11

-Promotors
-Enhancer Regions (control elements)
-Transcription factors
-Epigenetics
-miRNA (small RNA)

Question 12

Genotype

Answer 12

Make up of genes

Question 13

Phenotype

Answer 13

Observable Characteristics

Question 14

Oncogenes

Answer 14

mutated proto-oncogenes that cause cancer

Question 14

Proto-oncogenes

Answer 14

genes that control cell division

Question 15

2 Types of Point Mutations

Answer 15

-Base pair substitutions
-Base pair insertions/deletions

Question 16

Base pair insertions/deletions

Answer 16

Add or sub an extra base

Question 17

Base Pair substitutions

Answer 17

changed the base pair to another base pair

Question 17

3 types of base pair substitutions

Answer 17

-Silent Mutation
-Missense Mutation
-Nonsense Mutation

Question 18

Silent Mutation

Answer 18

does not change the amino acid, does not impact the structure or function

Question 19

Missense Mutation

Answer 19

changes whole amino acid; could barely mess up function or be a big problem

Question 20

Nonsense Mutation

Answer 20

adding stop codon early truncated protein = shortened protein, if the stop codon comes early you could miss half the protein

Question 21

Type of Base pair insertion/deletion

Answer 21

Frame shift Mutation

Question 22

Frame shift Mutation

Answer 22

adding or deleting a base; Will have a big impact unless its deleted in 3s

Question 23

Chromosomal Alterations

Answer 23

where you change a huge chunk of chromosome or the whole

Question 24

Genetic Recombination

Answer 24

Your combining DNA from 2 different sources, (mom source and dad source), leads to variation

Question 25

Operon

Answer 25

-a group of genes transcribed in a single mRNA molecules -help bacteria use there resources efficiently

Question 26

Operator

Answer 26

-on/off switch -a repressor fits in the operator -when repress-or isent attached operator works

Question 27

The trp

Answer 27

-goal is to make triptifin bind with repressor -When triptifin is made the repressor bonds to the operator which shuts off the gene

Question 28

Repressible Operons

Answer 28

-are usually on but can be turned off (repressed) -therefore the regulatory gene must make an inactive repressor -used for anabolic processes -an ex. of this is a Trp operon

Question 29

The lac operon

Answer 29

-keeps the operon off or an active repressor -lactose bonds with the repressor making it inactive -which means the operon goes on which breaks down the lactose

Question 30

inducible operon

Answer 30

-is usually off by can be turned on (induced) -Therefore the regulatory gene must make an active repressor -used for catabolic processes (breaking down) -the lac operon is an inducible operon

Question 31

Genetic Recombination in Prokaryotes

Answer 31

The horizontal acquisitions of genetic information

Question 32

4 types of Genetic Recombination in Prokaryotes

Answer 32

-Transduction -Conjugation -Transformation -transposition

Question 33

Transduction

Answer 33

(viral transmission of genetic information) you end up combining dna from 2 different bacteria cells, the virus transfers bacteria dna to a different bacteria cell

Question 34

Conjugation

Answer 34

(cell-to-cell transfer) sex pilus transfers dna from one bacteria cell to the other

Question 35

Transformation

Answer 35

(uptake of naked DNA) when the cell transforms itself by picking up naked DNA

Question 36

Transposition

Answer 36

(movement of DNA segments within and between DNA molecules) a section of bacterial DNA copy of itself