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Psychology > Chapters 8 & 9 Test Review > Flashcards

Chapters 8 & 9 Test Review Flashcards

1
Q

Most psychologists believe that the differences in IQ scores among people are the result of both __________ and __________.

A

Environment; heredity

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2
Q

Graduates of Head Start centers are more likely to __________, __________ and __________.

A

Finish high school; attend college; earn higher incomes

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3
Q

Most adoptee studies show that the IQs of adopted children are more like those of their __________.

A

Biological parents

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4
Q

The Seattle Study found that intelligence can be maintained among older adults if they have __________, __________, and __________.

A

Flexible personalities; attend cultural events; have an intact family life

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5
Q

The __________ and __________ influence the development of a child’s intelligence

A

Home environment; styles of parenting

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6
Q

Hinship studies have shows that the groups with the most similar IQ scares were __________.

A

Identical twins

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7
Q

The Wechsler scale consists of subtests that measure __________ and __________ skills.

A

Verbal; performance

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8
Q

Mental retardation is caused by __________, __________, and __________.

A

Difficulties during childbirth; drug and alcohol abuse by pregnant women; genetic disorders

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9
Q

Constant supervision and care is required for people who are __________.

A

Severely retarded

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10
Q

The distribution IQ scores on a graph looks like a __________.

A

Bell curve

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11
Q

Mildly retarded adults are often able to __________, __________, and __________.

A

Read and do math; hold jobs; take care of themselves

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12
Q

Rober Sternberg’s model of intelligence includes __________, __________, and __________ abilities.

A

Analytical; creative; practical

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13
Q

One of the main purposes of intelligence tests is to identify people with very __________ and __________ IQs.

A

low; high

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14
Q

Intelligence involves the ability to __________, __________, and __________.

A

Learn from experience; think rationally; deal effectively with the environment

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15
Q

About half of the people who take the Wechsler tests score between __________ and __________.

A

90; 100

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16
Q

Alfred Binet designed his aptitude tests for children of different age levels because he assumed __________.

A

That intelligence increased with age

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17
Q

Studies have shown that musical ability may be linked to __________ ability.

A

Spatial reasoning

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18
Q

Psychologist __________ believed that intelligence was made up of 2 factors

A

Charles Spearman

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19
Q

Sensitivity to other people’s feelings and the ability to respond to them appropriately are components of the seven intelligences described by __________.

A

Howard Gardner

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20
Q

Psychologists Louis Thurstone believed that a person’s intelligence was __________, __________ and __________.

A

made up of 9 primary mental abilities; could make them good at one skill and bad at another; include the ability to use deductive and inductive reasoning

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21
Q

After scientists collect information to support a theory, they can still never be sure that __________.

A

It is true in all cases

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22
Q

A morpheme generally consists of a __________, __________ and __________.

A

Single letter; multiple letters; letters that form a prefix or a suffix

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23
Q

People tend to be overconfident of their reasoning because __________, __________, and, __________.

A

they do not realize how flimsy their evidence is; ignore examples that conflict with their opinion; tend to bring about things they believe in

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24
Q

A person’s “__________” tends to make him or her solve problems by trying an approach that was successfully used with a similar problem.

A

Mental set

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25
In inductive reasoning, the tendency to prove the hypotheses correct is known as __________.
Confirmation bias
26
__________ make concepts easier to understand by allowing us to picture a specific example of the concept.
Prototypes
27
Psychologist believe that a __________ is most easily learned during early __________.
Second language; childhood
28
A __________ may help in solving a problem by helping a person visualize the best course of action.
Balance sheet
29
Young children often exhibit the behavior of __________, in which they try to talk about more things than they have words for.
Overextension
30
The mental activity involved in communicating information is __________.
Thinking
31
Studies suggest that __________ increases children's expertise in their native language.
Bilingualism
32
The most realizable approach to solving a problem is the __________.
Algorithm
33
Creative problem solving involves __________ thinking.
Divergent
34
Young children who have just learned grammar rules often incorrectly use words that they __________.
Had used correctly before
35
A person's inborn tendency to acquire a language is known as the __________ (LAD).
Language acquisition device
36
Most psychologists argue that chimpanzees cannot truly speak a language because the animals cannot __________.
Combine symbols in original, grammatically correct ways.
37
The __________ helps people make decisions baded on the population that seems to apply to the problems.
Representativeness heuristics
38
__________ can become an obstacle to solving a problem.
Functional fixedness
39
The beginning of true language in babies occurs when they start learning __________.
sounds
40
People with IQs __________ or above are considered __________.
130; gifted
41
A person's __________ include visual and spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, verbal meaning, memory, and word fluency.
Primary mental abilities
42
__________ argues that __________ intelligence is just as important as mental abilities.
Daniel Goleman; emotional
43
Gifted people are morel likely to be more creative than people of __________ intelligence.
Average
44
Psychologist Robert Sternberg described a __________, or 3-level model of intelligence.
Triarchic
45
The ability to invent new solutions to problems
Creativity
46
A __________ is a person who has a mental retardation yet who also exhibits an extraordinary skill.
Savant
47
Study of meaning
Semantics
48
The way in which words are arranged to make phrases or sentences
Syntax
49
A basic fact that gives information for drawing conclusions is called a __________.
Premise
50
People often solve problems by trying the same solution that worked for a similar problem. This is known as solving problems by __________.
Analogy
51
Break a problem down into parts and try to solve each part individually
Means-End Analysis
52
Specific procedures needed to solve a problem
Algorithms
53
Thinking involves __________ similar objects, events and ideas into __________.
Mentally grouping; concepts
54
Intellectual level at which a person is functioning
Mental Age
55
Comparison of test scores of a person taking the same test at different times
Test-retest reliability
56
Number that represents the relationship between mental age and actual age
Intelligence quotient
57
Extent to which genetic factors can explain traits that vary from person to person
Heritability
58
Most widely used intelligence test
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
59
Type of intelligence that is involved in success in schools and on the job.
Emotional Intelligence
60
Knowledge and skills gained from experience
Achievement
61
Possessing outstanding talent or potential to achieve at high levels
Gifted
62
An IQ at or below 70
Mental Retardation
63
First modern intelligence test
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
64
Following many leads and using free association to solve a problem
Divergent Thinking
65
Applying a language's regular rules of grammar to all words that do not fit the rule
Overregularization
66
An example that best represents a particular concept
Prototype
67
Difference reduction
Problem solving method that identifies goals and the steps needed to reach the.
68
Allows a person to solve a problem without consciously working on it.
Incubation effect
69
Tendency to think of an object as being used only for its usual purpose
Functional fixedness
70
Thinking about only the available facts to solve a problem
Convergent thinking
71
Unit of sound in a language
Phoneme
72
Rule of thumb, or shortcut, used to solve a problem
Heuristic
73
Unit of meaning in a language
Morpheme
74
Drawing of conclusions of inferences from facts, observations, or assumptions
Reasoning
75
David Wechsler designed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale in order to produce a __________ IQ score, a __________ IQ score, and a __________ IQ score.
General; verbal; performance

Psychology (7 decks)

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