Chapters 8 & 9 Test Review Flashcards
Most psychologists believe that the differences in IQ scores among people are the result of both __________ and __________.
Environment; heredity
Graduates of Head Start centers are more likely to __________, __________ and __________.
Finish high school; attend college; earn higher incomes
Most adoptee studies show that the IQs of adopted children are more like those of their __________.
Biological parents
The Seattle Study found that intelligence can be maintained among older adults if they have __________, __________, and __________.
Flexible personalities; attend cultural events; have an intact family life
The __________ and __________ influence the development of a child’s intelligence
Home environment; styles of parenting
Hinship studies have shows that the groups with the most similar IQ scares were __________.
Identical twins
The Wechsler scale consists of subtests that measure __________ and __________ skills.
Verbal; performance
Mental retardation is caused by __________, __________, and __________.
Difficulties during childbirth; drug and alcohol abuse by pregnant women; genetic disorders
Constant supervision and care is required for people who are __________.
Severely retarded
The distribution IQ scores on a graph looks like a __________.
Bell curve
Mildly retarded adults are often able to __________, __________, and __________.
Read and do math; hold jobs; take care of themselves
Rober Sternberg’s model of intelligence includes __________, __________, and __________ abilities.
Analytical; creative; practical
One of the main purposes of intelligence tests is to identify people with very __________ and __________ IQs.
low; high
Intelligence involves the ability to __________, __________, and __________.
Learn from experience; think rationally; deal effectively with the environment
About half of the people who take the Wechsler tests score between __________ and __________.
90; 100
Alfred Binet designed his aptitude tests for children of different age levels because he assumed __________.
That intelligence increased with age
Studies have shown that musical ability may be linked to __________ ability.
Spatial reasoning
Psychologist __________ believed that intelligence was made up of 2 factors
Charles Spearman
Sensitivity to other people’s feelings and the ability to respond to them appropriately are components of the seven intelligences described by __________.
Howard Gardner
Psychologists Louis Thurstone believed that a person’s intelligence was __________, __________ and __________.
made up of 9 primary mental abilities; could make them good at one skill and bad at another; include the ability to use deductive and inductive reasoning
After scientists collect information to support a theory, they can still never be sure that __________.
It is true in all cases
A morpheme generally consists of a __________, __________ and __________.
Single letter; multiple letters; letters that form a prefix or a suffix
People tend to be overconfident of their reasoning because __________, __________, and, __________.
they do not realize how flimsy their evidence is; ignore examples that conflict with their opinion; tend to bring about things they believe in
A person’s “__________” tends to make him or her solve problems by trying an approach that was successfully used with a similar problem.
Mental set
In inductive reasoning, the tendency to prove the hypotheses correct is known as __________.
Confirmation bias
__________ make concepts easier to understand by allowing us to picture a specific example of the concept.
Prototypes
Psychologist believe that a __________ is most easily learned during early __________.
Second language; childhood
A __________ may help in solving a problem by helping a person visualize the best course of action.
Balance sheet
Young children often exhibit the behavior of __________, in which they try to talk about more things than they have words for.
Overextension
The mental activity involved in communicating information is __________.
Thinking
Studies suggest that __________ increases children’s expertise in their native language.
Bilingualism
The most realizable approach to solving a problem is the __________.
Algorithm
Creative problem solving involves __________ thinking.
Divergent
Young children who have just learned grammar rules often incorrectly use words that they __________.
Had used correctly before
A person’s inborn tendency to acquire a language is known as the __________ (LAD).
Language acquisition device
Most psychologists argue that chimpanzees cannot truly speak a language because the animals cannot __________.
Combine symbols in original, grammatically correct ways.
The __________ helps people make decisions baded on the population that seems to apply to the problems.
Representativeness heuristics
__________ can become an obstacle to solving a problem.
Functional fixedness
The beginning of true language in babies occurs when they start learning __________.
sounds
People with IQs __________ or above are considered __________.
130; gifted
A person’s __________ include visual and spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, verbal meaning, memory, and word fluency.
Primary mental abilities
__________ argues that __________ intelligence is just as important as mental abilities.
Daniel Goleman; emotional
Gifted people are morel likely to be more creative than people of __________ intelligence.
Average
Psychologist Robert Sternberg described a __________, or 3-level model of intelligence.
Triarchic
The ability to invent new solutions to problems
Creativity
A __________ is a person who has a mental retardation yet who also exhibits an extraordinary skill.
Savant
Study of meaning
Semantics
The way in which words are arranged to make phrases or sentences
Syntax
A basic fact that gives information for drawing conclusions is called a __________.
Premise
People often solve problems by trying the same solution that worked for a similar problem. This is known as solving problems by __________.
Analogy
Break a problem down into parts and try to solve each part individually
Means-End Analysis
Specific procedures needed to solve a problem
Algorithms
Thinking involves __________ similar objects, events and ideas into __________.
Mentally grouping; concepts
Intellectual level at which a person is functioning
Mental Age
Comparison of test scores of a person taking the same test at different times
Test-retest reliability
Number that represents the relationship between mental age and actual age
Intelligence quotient
Extent to which genetic factors can explain traits that vary from person to person
Heritability
Most widely used intelligence test
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
Type of intelligence that is involved in success in schools and on the job.
Emotional Intelligence
Knowledge and skills gained from experience
Achievement
Possessing outstanding talent or potential to achieve at high levels
Gifted
An IQ at or below 70
Mental Retardation
First modern intelligence test
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
Following many leads and using free association to solve a problem
Divergent Thinking
Applying a language’s regular rules of grammar to all words that do not fit the rule
Overregularization
An example that best represents a particular concept
Prototype
Difference reduction
Problem solving method that identifies goals and the steps needed to reach the.
Allows a person to solve a problem without consciously working on it.
Incubation effect
Tendency to think of an object as being used only for its usual purpose
Functional fixedness
Thinking about only the available facts to solve a problem
Convergent thinking
Unit of sound in a language
Phoneme
Rule of thumb, or shortcut, used to solve a problem
Heuristic
Unit of meaning in a language
Morpheme
Drawing of conclusions of inferences from facts, observations, or assumptions
Reasoning
David Wechsler designed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale in order to produce a __________ IQ score, a __________ IQ score, and a __________ IQ score.
General; verbal; performance
