Characteristics of Life

Question 1

What are the seven characteristics of life?

Answer 1

• Cells
• Use of energy
• Respond to stimuli (aka Stimulus and Response)
• Adaptation
• Growth and Development
• Reproduce

Question 2

Cell

Answer 2

• Basic unit of structure and function in living organisms

- Microscopic

Question 3

Unicellular

Answer 3

An organism containing one cell

Question 4

Multicellular

Answer 4

An organism containing more than one cell

Question 5

Water

Answer 5

The most abundant chemical in all living things

Question 6

Stimulus

Answer 6

Change in surroundings

Question 7

Response

Answer 7

The reaction due to a change in surroundings (change in behavior)

Question 8

Development

Answer 8

When an organism becomes complex

Question 9

Reproduce

Answer 9

Make offspring of the same kind

Question 10

Parts to the Cell Theory

Answer 10

1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms
3. All cells come from preexisting cells

Question 11

Zaccharias Jansen

Answer 11

• Spectacle maker
• Created the first compound microscope by experimenting with multiple lenses in a tube
• Created the first telescope

Question 12

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 12

• made his own version of a microscope resembling a small paddle (simple microscope) with one lense
• invented methods for grinding and polishing microscope lenses that allowed for increased curvatures and magnifications
• discovered bacteria by looking at dental scrapings, originally calling them animalcules

Question 13

Robert Hooke

Answer 13

• coined the term cell
• he studied a piece of cork under a microscope and thought the little parts resembled the cell of a monk
• under appreciated
• had a tense relationship with Sir Isaac Newton because they both claimed the other stole his work

Question 14

Matthias Schleiden

Answer 14

• Studied plants
• Realized every plant is made of cells
• Worked with Schwaan
• Originally believed that cells came from free cell formation

Question 15

Theodore Schwaan

Answer 15

• Studied animal cells and came to the conclusion that all animals are made of cells
• A nerve cell is named after him
• Created rebreathers for firefighters
• Worked with Schleidenc

Question 16

Rudolf Virchow

Answer 16

• Proved cells did come from other cells with stolen research from Robert Remack

Question 17

1000 AD

Answer 17

The Reading Stone - the first vision aid was invented; a glass sphere that magnified words when laid on top of reading material

Question 18

Salvino D’Armate

Answer 18

1284 - credited with inventing the first pair of wearable eye glasses

Question 19

Chromatic Effect

Answer 19

The halos resulting from differences in refraction (change in direction) of light
- They were eventually reduced with technical innovations

Question 20

Joseph Jackson Lister

Answer 20

• Reduced the chromatic effect by showing that several weak lenses used together at certain distances gave good magnification without a blurring image which eventually became the prototype for the compound microscope

Question 21

Ernst Abbe

Answer 21

• Former research director of the Zeiss Optical Works
• Wrote a mathematical formula called “Abbe Sine Condition” which provided calculations that allowed for the maximum resolution in microscopes possible

Question 22

Frits Zernike

Answer 22

• Invented the phase-contrast microscope that allowed for the study of colorless and transparent biological materials
• Won Nobel Prize in Physics in 1953

Question 23

Ernst Ruska

Answer 23

• Co-invented the electron microscope

- Won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1986

Question 24

Electron Microscope

Answer 24

• Depends on electrons rather than light to view an object
• Electrons are speeded up in a vacuum until their wavelength is extremely short
• Make it possible to view objects as small as the diameter of an atom

Question 25

Gerd Binning and Heinrich Rohrer

Answer 25

- Invented the scanning tunneling microscope that gives 3D images of objects down to the atomic level - Won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986 - Strongest microscope to date

Question 26

Compound Microscope

Answer 26

- Light illuminated - 2D - Most commonly used - Allows you to view individual cells (including living ones) - High magnification - Low resolution

Question 27

Dissection Microscope

Answer 27

- Light illuminated - 3D - Used for dissection - Allows for a better look at large specimen - Does not allow to see individual cells because of the low magnification

Question 28

Scanning Electron Microscope

Answer 28

- AKA SEM - Electron illuminated - 3D - High magnification - High resolution - Specimen is coated in gold and electrons bounce off to give and exterior view of the specimen - Pictures are in black and white

Question 29

Transmission Electron Microscope

Answer 29

- AKA TEM - 2D - Electron illuminated; electron beams are passed through - High magnification - High resolution - Slices of specimen are obtained

Question 30

Microscope Care

Answer 30

- Always carry with two hands - Never touch the lenses with your fingers - Only use lens paper for cleaning - Do not force knobs - Keep objects clear of desk and cords - When finished, rotate the nosepiece so that it is on the low power objective, roll the stage down to the lowest level, rubber band the cord, and replace dust cover