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characteristics of organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

what 4 parts are there to an animal cell?

A

nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria and cytoplasm

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2
Q

what 7 parts are there to a plant cell?

A

cell wall, vacuole, chloroplasts, cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria and nucleus

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3
Q

what are the 7 characteristics of living organisms?

A

reproduction, nutrition, sensitivity, growth, excretion, respiration, movement

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4
Q

what is reproduction?

A

the processes that make more of the same kind of organism

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5
Q

what is nutrition?

A

taking in of nutrition, which are organic substances and mineral ions, containing raw materials or energy for growth and tissue repair, absorbing and assimilating them

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6
Q

what is sensitivity?

A

the ability to detect or sense changes in the environment (stimuli) and to make responses

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7
Q

whats growth?

A

a permanent increase in size and dry mass by by an increase in cell number or cell size or both.

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8
Q

what is excretion?

A

removal from organisms of toxic materials, the waste products of metabolism (chemical reactions in cells including respiration) and substances in excess of requirements

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9
Q

whats respiration?

A

the chemical reactions that break down nutrient monocles in living cell to release energy

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10
Q

whats movement?

A

an action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place

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11
Q

what is classification?

A

placing living things into groups species are usually grouped according to their physical similarities. the basic unit of natural classification is species.

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12
Q

whats the hierarchy of classification?

A 
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
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13
Q

what are species capable of doing?

A

breeding to produce fertile offspring as they have common ancestry and similar DNA

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14
Q

how do you identify organisms?

A

using the binormal system of giving it 2 latin names including the genus as the first name and the species as the second e.g. homo sapiens =humans

must be underlined or in italics and generic name capital letter start with

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15
Q

what are the 5 kingdoms ?

A

animal, fungi, plant, prokaryotes and protoctists

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16
Q

which kingdoms are single celled?

A

prokaryotes and protoctists

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17
Q

what kingdoms are multicellular?

A

animal, fungi and plants

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18
Q

what can the animal kingdom be divided into?

A

vertebrates and invertebrates

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19
Q

what are the 5 classes of vertebras ?

A

mammals, birds, fish, amphibians, reptiles

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20
Q

what are the characteristics of fish?

A

scales, lay eggs in water, fins for movement and stability, operculum-cover gills which have large surface area for gas exchange and can’t control body temperature

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21
Q

what are the characteristics of amphibians?

A

skin for gas exchange, lay eggs, 4 limbs, skin and nostrils for gas exchange,

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22
Q

what are the characteristics of reptiles?

A

dry scaly skin, lay leathery eggs, 4 legs for climbing and swimming and breathes through mouth

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23
Q

what are the characteristics of birds?

A

feathers vital for flight, lay eggs, forelimbs are modified as wings and 2 legs with scales, nostrils leading to lungs

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24
Q

what are the characteristics of mammals?

A

covered in fur allowing endothermy, sexual organ enables internal fertilisation giving birth, 4 legs, mouth leads to lungs

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25
what are the 4 classes of invertebrates?
crustaceans, insects, arachnids and myriapods
26
what is the sub phylum of invertebrates called?
phylum arthropoda
27
what are the features of arthropods ?
jointed legs, body divided into sections, hard exoskeleton and antennae or feelers head
28
whats a crustacean?eg
hard, chalky shell, many legs (4-20 pairs) e.g. crab
29
whats an insect?eg
3 body parts, 6 legs | compound eyes, usually 2 pairs of wings e.g. butterfly
30
whats an arachnid?eg
2 body parts, 8 legs e.g. spider
31
whats a myriapod? e.g.
long, thin body, many legs e.g. millipede
32
what happens when 2 different species breed?
they produce infertile offspring
33
what are the 4 classes of the plant kingdom?
mosses, ferns, conifers and flowering plants
34
what are the characteristics of mosses?
smal in size, no xylem or phloem
35
what are the characteristics of ferns?
strong stems, roots and leaves, make spores not seeds
36
what are the characteristics of conifers?
seeds are made in cones narrow needle leaves for cold areas
37
what are the characteristics of flowering plants ?
monocots-parallel veins in leaves one cotyledon which is a food store, flowers usually in multiples of 3 dicots-veins in leaves usually netlike flowers are usually in fours or fives
38
what are chromosomes and where are they found ?
they are long thin threads found in the nucleus carrying information which controls how your body works and what your characteristics are like
39
how many many chromosomes are there in humans?
46 | 23 from mum and 23 from dad
40
whats each chromosomes made up from?
made up of long tangled threads called DNA
41
what is DNA?
a strand in a chromosome containing information vital to producing an organisms characteristics
42
whats a gene?
a length of DNA giving instructions for each characteristics
43
describe the DNA model
like a twisted ladder with a sugar phosphate backbone and a pair of bases to form the rungs of the ladder
44
What bases go together?
adenine and thymine | cytosine and guanine
45
how do you make a dichotomous key?
you ask a yes or no question to seperrate different things into groups and and keep asking questions with reference until you identify the thing.
46
what makes a DNA strand special?
the sequence in which the bases are to each other. the more similar the base sequence the more similar the organelles
47
what are the characteristics of plants?
multicellular contain chloroplasts they can photosynthesise and have many specialised cells have cellulose cell walls, store carbs as starch or sucrose e.g. flooring plants
48
what are the characteristics of animals?
have mouth for eating food, able to move, no cell walls , specialised cells, multicellular, no chloroplasts, nervous co-ordination able to move, stores carbs as glycogen e.g. mammals
49
what are the characteristics of fungi?
no chlorophyll, can't photosynthesise, hetreophic (need to feed on organic substances), , not cellulose, reproduce by producing spores, body is usually mycelium consisting of branching thread like hyphae which contains many nuclei some =single cellular cells walls contain chitin, feed by extracellular secretion of digestive enzymes onto to food , absorption of organic products, known as saprotrophic nutrition may store carbs as glycogen e.g. mucor
50
what are the characteristics of protoctista?
mostly single celled and contain mitochondria and nucleus with chromosomes, the protozoans have some have cell wall and all have cell membrane some have chloroplasts eg plasmodium which causes malaria
51
what are the characteristics of prokaryote?
unicellular organisms, cell wall no made of cellulose, no distinct membrane bound nucleus, no mitochondria or chloroplasts, circular DNA not chromosomes
52
what are organelles?
structure enclosed within it's own membrane inside a cell with a specific function?
53
whats ultra structure?
a detailed structure of a biological specimen such as a cell, tissue or organ that can be observed by electron microscopy
54
whats an electron microscope?
instrument using beams of electrons to view objects that can't be observed with an ordinary microscope
55
what's a ribosome?
ribosomes are a cell structure that makes protein floating with the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. protein helps repair tissue and directing chemical processes.
56
whats the endoplasmic reticulum?
a continuous membrane system that forms a series of flattened sacs within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and serves multiple functions, being important particularly in the synthesis, folding, modification, and transport of proteins .
57
what is mitochondria?
organelles where chemical reactions take place such as respiration
58
what do species have in common?
they have evolved from a common ancestor are grouped together into the same genus
59
how are species grouped together?
based on their physical similarities
60
How big are viruses?
Many times smaller than bacteria
61
What do they consist of?
A fragment of genetic material inside a protective coat of protein
62
What are they responsible for?
Diseases
63
What it is hard to find in viruses?
Good viruses bu when they do they can be very beneficial
64
What can good viruses be used for?
Destroy harmful bacteria
65
What are viruses used for?
Medical research. The way in which they attack cells and how to treat more harmful ones
66
how do you know if species are closely related?
you look at the order in which the bases are and the more similar the more closely related
67
how do ferns differ from flowering plants?
they don't produce flowers, reproduce asexually by producing spores, their leaves are called fronds and coiled up when young
68
whats the characteristics of bacteria?
microscopic single cell organisms have cell wall cell membrane cytoplasm and plasmids lack nucleus but contain circular chromosome of of DNA some some photosynthesise but most feed off other organisms e.g. pneumococcus spherical bacterium as pathogen causing pneumonia
69
what are the characteristics of viruses?
not living organisms small particles , parasitic can reproduce inside of living cells infect very living organism big variety of sizes no cellular structure, have protein coat contain either DNA or RNA e.g. influenza virus causing flu and hiv

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