gas exchange

Question 1

what are the features of the gas exchange surface?

Answer 1

large surface area
thin
diffusion gradient across exchange surface
in terrestrial organisms the cells on the surface must be protected from drying out

Question 2

what the human gas exchange system like?

Answer 2

large surface area in lungs for gas exchange to breath through mouth and nose

Question 3

wheres the windpipe/trachea?

Answer 3

leading into the lungs

Question 4

where are the intercostal muscles?

Answer 4

in-between the ribs which contract and push them up

Question 5

where are the ribs?

Answer 5

surrounding the lungs and protecting them in a song cage

Question 6

wheres the bronchus?

Answer 6

next to the heart at the bottom coming out of the trachea as the trachea splits into 2 going into the alveoli

Question 7

wheres the diaphragm?

Answer 7

at the bottom of the lungs

Question 8

wheres the pleural cavity?

Answer 8

a thin layer surrounding the pleural membrane

Question 9

wheres the alveoli?

Answer 9

in the lungs coming out of the bronchus sack of air

Question 10

wheres the pleural membrane?

Answer 10

a thin layer surrounding the lungs

Question 11

what do cell need?

Answer 11

a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients
to get rid of waste materials such as carbon dioxide that are produced during metabolic reactions
substances are obtained from or released into the external environment through the organisms surface

Question 12

whats the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli?

Answer 12

theres a high concentration as inhaled air has just come into the alveoli but a low concentration of carbon dioxide as theres less co2 in inhaled air

Question 13

whats the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood plasma?

Answer 13

theres a low concentration of oxygen in the red blood cells but a high concentration of carbon dioxide as the blood flow is carrying it as a waste product from respiration

Question 14

describe the wall of the alveolus?

Answer 14

capillary wall with epithelial cells which are moist and flattened cells with a thin wall and on the outside theres a pulmonary capillary compressed and blood is always flowing

Question 15

whats the role of the epithelium and goblet cells?

Answer 15

to sweep away mucus that goblet cells produce. the goblet cells produce a mucus layer that cleans the oxygen we breath in for instance removes dirt, moistens it and warm it. once the mucus from goblet cells cells has cleaned the air and is carrying dirt the cilla hairs sweep away the mucus up the trachea and goes into asophigus. the mucus up the trachea and goes into the asphigus. the mucus can’t go in the lungs but can be swallowed and mixed with digestive juices.

Question 16

what happens when you breath in?

Answer 16

diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract the ribcage expands upwards and the diaphragm flattens
the volume increases and pressure decreases and as the pressure outside is more then inside the lungs and air is drawn in

Question 17

what happens when you breath out?

Answer 17

the diaphragm relaxes and intercostal muscles relax then the diaphragm has a doomed position and the ribcage falls back down
pressure increases and volume decreases as pressure outside lungs is less than inside lungs so carbon dioxide is pushed out of lungs

Question 18

is there a change in percentage in nitrogen from inhaled air to exhaled air?

Answer 18

no it stays 79%

Question 19

is there a change in percentage in oxygen from inhaled air to exhaled air?

Answer 19

yes from 21% inhaled air to 17% exhaled air we breath in more than we breath out

Question 20

is there a change in percentage in co2 from inhaled air to exhaled air?

Answer 20

yes from 0.04% in inhaled air to 3% exhaled air as a waste product from respiration

Question 21

is there a change in percentage in water vapour from inhaled air to exhaled air?

Answer 21

yes as we produce it when we breath out so there a lot more in exhaled air

Question 22

what is a test for respired air?

Answer 22

lime water as it turns cloudy when it reacts with co2

Question 23

why does exercise affect breathing?

Answer 23

it increases the rate of breathing and deeper breaths are being taken

Question 24

how do muscles react to breathing?

Answer 24

muscle cell pull and contract and work faster and need more glucose and oxygen to work faster so it makes the body respire faster

Question 25

when respiration increases what happens next?

Answer 25

as respiration increases more co2 is produced and a higher concentration means it diffuses into the bloodstream and your body needs to get rid of the co2

Question 26

how does your body detect the increased amount of co2?

Answer 26

chemoreceptors in aorta in the heart detect increased amount of co2 and send a signal to the nerve cell

Question 27

how does your brain detect an increase in co2?

Answer 27

nervous cell sends signal to brain about an increase in co2 and brain also detects amount of co2 in blood flow around the brain

Question 28

what does the brain then do about the increase in co2?

Answer 28

it sends a signal to a nervous impulse which send a signal to the intercostal muscles and tells it to get rid of the co2 and the intercostal muscles and diaphragm can't move without a nervous impulse so it moves faster to get rid of co2

Question 29

how do you work out heart beat?

Answer 29

measure your heart beat for 30 seconds and times by 2

Question 30

how do you work out heart beat from a graph?

Answer 30

count the amount of breaths for lumps on the graph and times by 2 if its for 30 seconds

Question 31

what does exercise cause to happen?

Answer 31

breathing rate, depth of breathing, increased heart rate,

Question 32

what does increased heart rate cause?

Answer 32

increased blood flow through muscles

Question 33

what does increased breathing rate and depth cause?

Answer 33

increased rate of supply of air (oxygen) to the alveoli and increased rate of blood flow through the alveoli

Question 34

what does increased rate o blood flow through muscles cause?

Answer 34

increased rate of supply of oxygen (and glucose ) to muscles and therefore increased rate of respiration of the muscles

Question 35

what does increased oxygen and blood flow cause?

Answer 35

increased rate of uptake of oxygen by the blood in alveoli

Question 36

whats the equation for respiration?

Answer 36

oxygen+ glucose= water vapour+carbon dioxide + energy (glucose)

Question 37

whats the function of the goblet cells?

Answer 37

to produce mucus to clean the oxygen going into the lungs

Question 38

what do we use energy for ?

Answer 38

``` movement contracting muscles active transport of molecules (nerve impulses) active transport of glucose digestion making new cells making DNA +proteins ```

Question 39

whats cellular energy?

Answer 39

ATP=adenosine triphosphate pentose sugar 5 sided sugar adenine ribose 3 phosphate molecules

Question 40

whats role of atp in anerobic reparation ?

Answer 40

hydrolysed to ATP and Pi to transfer energy to different store respiration carries out condensation reaction to use ADP and PI to make ATP

Question 41

whats equation for respiration?

Answer 41

c6h12o6+6o2=6co2+6h2o+ATP

Question 42

whats aerobic respiration?

Answer 42

exothermic, chemical reaction , respiration keep warm , occurs in mitochondria supplies energy

Question 43

whats anaerobic respiration?

Answer 43

incomplete oxidisation of glucose as lattice acid and ethanol are still large molecules releases less energy than aerobic occurs in cytoplasm

Question 44

whats equation for anaerobic respiration?

Answer 44

c6h1206=2c3h6o3+ATP | glucose=latic acid

Question 45

when does anaerobic respiration occur?

Answer 45

when cells need to respire without oxygen glucose isn't completely broken down allows some energy to be released when oxygen is in short supply by product is lactic acid toxic if builds up cramp , needs to be oxidised to be removed volume of oxygen needed to completely oxidise lactic acid is called oxygen debt