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Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

The process in which light energy trapped by chlorophyll is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen

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2
Q

What the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide+ water = (using light and chlorophyll ) oxygen+ glucose

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3
Q

What’s the balanced equation for photosynthesis?

A

6co2+6 h2o=(using light and chlorophyll) 6o2+c6h12o6

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4
Q

How do you test a leaf for starch?

A

Dip leaf into boiling water for about 1 minuet to soften
Put leaf into test tube of ethanol covering leaf and stand in hot water for 10 minuets
Wash leaf in cold water
Spread leaf on petit dish cover with iodine if starch is present turns black blue

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5
Q

What’s the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

A

Found in membranes of chloroplasts absorbing light energy. When light energy reaches chlorophyll is used to split water molecules into oxygen and hydrogen. Oxygen is released as a waste product. Carbon dioxide diffuses into the chloroplast. Hydrogen and co2 react to form glucose and converted to starch for storage

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6
Q

What’s the sugar produced by photosynthesis ?

A

Glucose

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7
Q

What’s a carbohydrate found in the leaf?

A

Starch which has been converted from glucose to be stored in the leaf for energy

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8
Q

Why are leaves boiled in ethanol before being tested?

A

To remove chlorophyll green pigment so iodine appears

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9
Q

How can you show that chlorophyll is needed for photosynthesis ?

A

Test a variegated leaf for starch as the white bit produces no starch and the green bit does

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10
Q

What do plants need nitrates for?

A

To make protein out of nitrates and use it for growth and development. it is used to make DNA and is therefore vital for plant growth and cell repair

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11
Q

What do plants use magnesium for ?

A

They make chlorophyll out of magnesium . magnesium is an essential part of the chlorophyll molecule and without it the plant wouldn’t be able to carry out photosynthesis and therefore not make ant glucose

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12
Q

What does a magnesium deficient plant look like?

A

They would be yellow as no chlorophyll would be produced

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13
Q

What would a nitrogen deficient plant be like?

A

It wouldn’t grow or develop well

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14
Q

What is the limiting factor?

A

At any given moment the rate of physiological process is limited by the one factor which is in shortest supply and by that factor alone

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15
Q

What affects the rate of photosynthesis ?

A

A change in the dependant factor , the limiting factor

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16
Q

What 2 factors effect photosynthesis ?

A

Temperature and light and carbon dioxide

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17
Q

Why can temperature affect photosynthesis rate?

A

The enzymes speed up reactions and let molecules fit together and reactions couldn’t happen without enzymes
If the temperature is low the rate is slow and too high the enzymes are destroyed

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18
Q

What is deficiency ?

A

A lack of something a organism needs

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19
Q

What is symptoms ?

A

A change in a organism due to disease

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20
Q

What happens as light intensity increases ?

A

The rate of photosynthesis increases

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21
Q

What happens as light intensity increases over time?

A

The rate steadily increases upwards then stops and stays at that rate as something else has become the limiting factor

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22
Q

When is light likely to be the limiting factor?

A

In the night and in the morning and afternoon

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23
Q

When is carbon dioxide likely to be the limiting factor?

A

Midday as light is not the limiting factor so something else has to and in the morning as there is less co2 Air

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24
Q

whats the role of the cuticle?

A

reduces water loss from the leaf protects from infection

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25
whats the role of the upper epidermis ?
produces the cuticle, protection
26
whats the role of the palisade layer?
photosynthesis
27
whats the role of the xylem?
carries water and minerals to the leaf cells
28
whats the role of the phloem?
carries sugar from the leaf to other parts of the plant
29
whats the role of the air space?
allows diffusion of c02 to palisade cells
30
whats the role of the lower epidermis?
same as upper
31
whats the role of the guard cell?
opens and closes the stomata
32
whats the role of the stomata?
allows exchange of gases with the air and loss of water vapour
33
whats the role of the spongy mesophyll?
photosynthesis
34
how do you test that carbon dioxide is needed for photosynthesis?
you leave 2 plants in glass containers in the sunlight and one without co2 and one with co2 and then test for starch in the leaves
35
how do you test the light intensity and rate of photosynthesis?
place a pond weed in water in a beaker and a lamp next to the pond weed and count the number of oxygen bubbles per minuet with the lamp at different distances causing different light intensities
36
what is the correlation between the distance of the lamp and the number of oxygen bubbles produced per minuet?
the further distance away from the the lamp the less bubbles produced. this is because as light becomes a limiting factor it decreases the rate of photosynthesis and therefore less oxygen is produced and less bubbles of oxygen are produced
37
what does magnesium do for the plant?
is mineral ion used (with glucose) by plants to produce chlorophyll
38
what does nitrogen do for the plant?
mineral ion used (with glucose) by plants to produce proteins for growth and making amino acids
39
what are mineral ions?
charged particles absorbed by plants from soil water
40
what is respiration?
process by which plants and animals release energy from glucose
41
what is starch?
an insoluble storage carbohydrate that plants convert glucose into
42
what is limited factor?
a variable controlling the rate of photosynthesis when in short supply
43
what is chemical?
form of energy that light energy is changed into by photosynthesis
44
whats light (sun)?
form of energy needed for photosynthesis
45
what is chlorophyll?
green pigment that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis
46
what are chloroplasts?
part of a plant cell that carries out photosynthesis
47
what is oxygen?
gas formed as a by-product of photosynthesis
48
what is glucose ?
sugar produced by photosynthesis
49
what is water?
liquid needed for photosynthesis
50
how do you test whether light is needed for photosynthesis ?
cover part of a leaf in black card and leave in sunlight then test for starch and it should appear brown on the bit covered by the card as no starch was produced
51
how do you test whether carbon dioxide is present?
lime water -go cloudy or hydrogen carbonate indicator which will turn different colours dependant on amount of co2 in solution red- same amount of co2 as atmospheric levels yellow-if co2 levels increase purple-if co2 levels decrease
52
what are the 6 major minerals a plant needs?
nitrogen, magnesium, phosphorus, sulphur, potassium and calcium
53
how is nitrogen taken into the plant?
its absorbed as nitrate because it has dissolved in the water. some plants have special bacteria living in their roots that can take nitrogen directly from the air
54
how does the plants get minerals?
plants absorb them through their roots but need energy to do this
55
how can you test whether minerals are needed for photosynthesis ?
set up 5 different test tubes 1-all required minerals 2-no magnesium 3-no phosphates 4-no nitrates 5-distilled water , cover in tin foil and leave for 6 weeks in light
56
how would you measure the health of the plant ?
measure the firmness and how strong the stem and leaf is whether it's placid or turgid or wilting look at the colour of the leaves whether yellow or chlorophyll deficient look at how tall leaves and have grown , making enough protein compare it to healthy plant test for starch
57
why were the test tubes covered in tin foil ?
prevent algae growth which takes up minerals which will leave a mineral deficient plant and roots are used to being in soil
58
how can you increase plants uptake of co2 ?
the air in the greenhouse can be enriched with a propane burner and it also increases the temperature
59
what can lights be used for ?
ensuring the light intensity stays at a constant level day or night so the plants photosynthesise for longer periods of time more quickly
60
why do we use greenhouses?
means plants can grow earlier in the year and in places they wouldn't normally grow conditions can be monitored and controlled by a computer
61
how does light intensity increase on a graph?
it steadily increases until a certain point in which the graph plateaus when light is no longer the limiting factor and something else becomes the limiting factor
62
how does the leaf get co2?
through the stomata and guard cells
63
when is co2likely to be the limiting factor?
during the day as light is the limiting factor in the morning so something else has to be the limiting factor at midday
64
what do cells need to photosynthesise ?
chloroplasts
65
what part of the leaf photosynthesises?
the leaf
66
what leaf cell does the most photosynthesis?why?
palisade mesophyll cells as they have the most chloroplasts and are near the top upper epidermis surface of the leaf so they get the most sunlight and are supplied with water by the xylem and co2 diffusion from the air through the stomata
67
why was the leaf heated in ethanol?
to remove the green pigment of chlorophyll so could see colour iodine
68
what colour does the iodine solution turn when starch is present?
black blue
69
What does potassium do for the plant?
Needed for enzymes of respiration and photosynthesis to work
70
What does a potassium deficient plant look like?
Leaves turn yellow with dead spots
71
What does phosphate do for the plant?
Makes DNA and other compounds eg cells membrane
72
What does a phosphate deficient?
Poor root growth younger leaves turn purple

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