chch. 23 - 25

Question 1

bottleneck effect

Answer 1

change in allele frequencies due to a dramatic effect that reduces population size effecting the genetic diversity in the population

Question 2

directional selection

Answer 2

favors individuals at one extreme phenotype distribution

Question 3

diversifying selection

Answer 3

favors the survival of two or more genotypes that produce different phenotypes

Question 4

founder effect

Answer 4

a small group of individuals separate from a larger population and establishes a colony in another location

Question 5

balanced polymorphism

Answer 5

occurs when two different versions of a gene are maintained in a population

Question 6

balancing selection

Answer 6

selective process that maintains multiple alleles in a populations gene pool

Question 7

gene flow

Answer 7

transfer of alleles into or out of a population

Question 8

genetic drift

Answer 8

changes in allele frequencies have to random chance

Question 9

heterozygote advantage

Answer 9

when the relative fitness of heterozygotes is higher than the relative fitness of both homozygotes

Question 10

inbreeding

Answer 10

mating of two genetically related individuals

Question 11

inbreeding depression

Answer 11

results in offspring with reduced survival and fertility

Question 12

intrasexual selection

Answer 12

members of one sex usually male, directly compete for the opportunity to mate (ex: horns, antlers, and claws)

Question 13

intersexual selection

Answer 13

members of one sex usually females choose their mates from other sex based on desirable characteristics

Question 14

neutral variation

Answer 14

changes in genes and proteins that do not have an effect on reproductive success

Question 15

reproductive success

Answer 15

likelihood of an individual contributing fertile offspring

Question 16

sexual selection

Answer 16

individuals with certain traits being more likely to engage in reproduction than others

Question 17

stabling selection

Answer 17

favor the survival of individuals with intermediate phenotypes and selects those with extreme phenotypes

Question 18

allopathic seperation

Answer 18

when a population becomes geographically isolated and evolves into one or more specie

Question 19

biological species concept

Answer 19

a species is a group of individuals whose members have the potential to interbreed with one another in nature to produce viable fertile offspring but cannot successfully interbreed with members of other species

Question 20

cladogenesis

Answer 20

splitting of one species into two or more species

Question 21

ecological species concept

Answer 21

the specie is a set of organisms adapted to a particular set of resources, called a niche

Question 22

evolutionary lineage concept

Answer 22

series of populations, organisms, cells, or genes that are connected by a continuous line of descent from ancestor to descendant

Question 23

hybrid zones

Answer 23

area where interbreeding between two populations may occur to create hybrids

Question 24

outgroup

Answer 24

organisms that are distantly related to the group of interest

Question 25

parsimony

Answer 25

simplest explanation for a phenomenon is most likely to be correct

Question 26

prezygotic isolating mechanism

Answer 26

mechanisms that prevent gametes from fertilizing to create a zygote

Question 27

polyploidy

Answer 27

where an organisms cell have more than one pair of chromosomes

Question 28

postzygotic isolating mechanism

Answer 28

mechanisms that reduce the viability of reproductive capacity of hybrid offspring

Question 29

reproductive isolation

Answer 29

criterion for identifying a specie and prevent one specie from successfully interbreeding with other species

Question 30

sympatric speciation

Answer 30

occurs when the members of a specie that are within the same range diverge into two or more different species even though there are no physical barriers to interbreed

Question 31

anagenesis

Answer 31

gradual evolutionary process that occurs within a single specie

Question 32

binomial nomenclature

Answer 32

formal system for naming species of living things

Question 33

clade

Answer 33

group of organisms that share a common ancestor and all of its descendants

Question 34

characters

Answer 34

homologous features

Question 35

cladistics

Answer 35

method of biological classification that groups organism based on their most recent common ancestry

Question 36

cladogenesis

Answer 36

a biological evolutionary process that occurs when a parent species splits into two separate species

Question 37

cladograms

Answer 37

a branching tree diagram that shows the ancestral relationships between organisms.

Question 38

domain

Answer 38

highest taxonomic rank. in the biological classification system

Question 39

extant

Answer 39

group that has survived to the present day

Question 40

genus

Answer 40

taxonomic rank that classifies living and fossils organism and viruses

Question 41

kingdom

Answer 41

taxonomic rank dividing into five: monera, protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia

Question 42

molecular systematics

Answer 42

analysis of genetic data which allows for identification of homologies leading to what is expressed in a phylogenetic tree

Question 43

monophyletic group

Answer 43

a group of organism that SHARE a common ancestor and all of its descendants

Question 44

paraphyletic group

Answer 44

taxonomic grouping that includes a SINGLE common ancestor

Question 45

phyla/phylum

Answer 45

taxonomic rank below kingdom but above classs

Question 46

phylogenetic tree

Answer 46

diagram describing the evolutionary relationships among various species

Question 47

polyphyletic group

Answer 47

a group that DOES NOT share a recent common ancestor

Question 48

shared ancestral character

Answer 48

characteristic that is found in the ancestor of a group and is present in all organisms in the taxon

Question 49

shared derived character

Answer 49

trait that two lineages share and that has evolved leading up into a clade

Question 50

synapomorphy

Answer 50

character or trait that is shared by 2 or more taxonomic groups

Question 51

taxon

Answer 51

group of related organisms at any hierarchal level

Question 52

taxonomy

Answer 52

the science behind naming, describing and classifying extant species as well as extinct species

Question 53

Over generations in a population, traits seen in individuals with higher fitness values will

Answer 53

become more prevalent in the population.

Question 54

Which of the following is NOT a basic assumption underlying Darwin’s mechanism for natural selection?

Answer 54

Individuals will strive to survive, thus evolving and adapting to their environment over their lifetime

Question 55

Which of the following would most likely result in a bottleneck event? A hurricane blows through a coastal swamp inhabited by an apple snail population. The hurricane drastically changes the hydrology of the swamp, killing 98% of the apple snails. A small population of geese migrates and joins a large flock of the same species. The two groups subsequently begin interbreeding. A population of broomsedge grass is studied and determined to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. A mutation occurs in an individual poison ivy plant, doubling the number of seeds it produces. The mutation is inherited by future generations.

Answer 55

A hurricane blows through a coastal swamp inhabited by an apple snail population. The hurricane drastically changes the hydrology of the swamp, killing 98% of the apple snails.

Question 56

In ________ selection, individuals intermediate in a phenotypic distribution have greater reproductive success.

Answer 56

stabilizing

Question 57

American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) and European sycamore (Platanus orientalis) are tree species that will interbreed if planted nearby but will not normally interbreed because they occur on different continents. This is an example of ______.

Answer 57

prezygotic barrier

Question 58

Two species of three-spined stickleback fish live in a single lake in British Columbia. They are closely related but occupy different niches. They exist nowhere else. These species most likely arose by ______ from a single species of three-spined stickleback.

Answer 58

sympatric speciation

Question 59

Which is NOT a characteristic of the biological species concept?

Answer 59

Based on the habitat the organism occupies in the environment

Question 60

Of the taxonomic groups listed below, which is the broadest (contains the most species)? Class Family Kingdom Order

Answer 60

Kingdom

Question 61

A phylogenetic tree shows the hypothesized evolutionary relationships among organisms, meaning that its structure can be revised and changed as new information about those relationships becomes known. True or False

Answer 61

True