Chem Chapter 28, 20, 21 Flashcards by Sindy Ulloa

A hormone that is involved in maintaining electrolyte balance in cells is classified as a(an)

mineralocorticoid.
receptor molecule.
glucocorticoid.
inhibitor.
sex hormone

mineralocorticoid

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A hormone that is involved in mediating inflammation and in metabolism of simple carbohydrates is classified as a(an)

mineralocorticoid.
receptor molecule.
glucocorticoid.
inhibitor.
sex hormone

glucocorticoid

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Chemical messengers deliver information by interacting with ________ in or at the target cell.

neurotransmitters
hormones
receptors
antibodies
antigens

receptors

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Which type of hormone actually enters the target cell?

steroids
enzymes
zymogens
amino acid derivatives
peptides

steroids

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Depression is known to be caused by a deficiency of

seratonin
norepinephrine
dopamine
all of the above

all of the above

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A neurotransmitter that controls the perception of pain in the brain is

taurine
dopamine
histamine
enkephalin
GABA

enkephalin

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Steroid hormones are chemically described as

-molecules containing a nucleus of four interconnected cyclic structures.
-polypeptides with a high degree of secondary and tertiary structure.
-molecules composed of three or more amino acids, but no secondary or tertiary structure.
-molecules whose structure is clearly related to an amino acid, usually tyrosine.
-large protein molecules which are directly involved in the regulation of chemical reactions.

molecules containing a nucleus of four interconnected cyclic structures.

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The second messenger for the hormones epinephrine is
AMP
cyclic AMP
ADP
ATP
none of the above

cyclic AMP

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Which of the following are true of steroid hormone signaling?

-It interacts with a cytoplasmic receptor inside the cell.
-It activates genes in the DNA of the nucleus.
-It is slow acting taking hours, days, or even years to get the outcome.
-A and B
-All of these are true.

All of these are true

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Which of the following hormones acts directly rather than through a secondary messenger?

vasopressin
thyroxine
glucagon
epinephrine
estradiol

estradiol

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Which type of steroids is mimicked by anabolic steroids?

testosterone
estrogen
norethindrone
progesterone

testosterone

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Which statement(s) about hormones are correct?

-They are secreted by specific tissues.
-They act over short distances.
-They travel through the blood stream to the location of action.
-both A and B
-both A and C

both A and C

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Which hormone is an example of an amino acid derivative?

antidiuretic hormone(ADH)
estrogen
cortisone
epinephrine
growth hormone (GH)

epinephrine

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When epinephrine interacts with a cell, the step immediately following binding of the messenger with the receptor site is

-activation of adenylate cyclase.
-conversion of cyclic AMP to ATP.
-activation of a G protein in the cell membrane.
-conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP.
-production of GTP from GDP.

activation of a G protein in the cell membrane.

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The hypothalamus gland communicates with other tissues by ________ and ________.

-direct release of hormones; indirect control through release of regulatory hormones
-direct neural control by release of transmitters; indirect control through release of regulatory hormones
-direct neural control by release of transmitters; direct release of hormones
-allosteric control of enzymes; direct neuronal control by release of transmitters
-none of these

direct release of hormones; indirect control through release of regulatory hormones

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A chemical messenger that travels to a target cell transmitting a nerve impulse is called a(n)

neurotransmitter
biotransmitter
electrolyte
hormone
receptor

neurotransmitter

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Estrogens are a specific type of steroid whose function is to

-regulate the sodium/potassium balance in cellular fluids.
-maintain pregnancy.
-regulate glucose metabolism.
-promote development of secondary female sex characteristics.
-promote development of secondary male sex characteristics.

promote development of secondary female sex characteristics.

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Which of the following hormones are involved in counteracting inflammation?

epinephrine
cortisone
testosterone
vasopressin
estrogen

cortisone

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The major chemical structures of hormones include

-steroids, polypeptides, and amino acid derivatives.
-only molecules containing amine groups.
-steroids, amino acid derivatives, and esters.
-only steroids.
-polysaccharides, esters, and steroids

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steroids, polypeptides, and amino acid derivatives.

The two systems responsible for regulating the huge number of chemical processes in the human body are the ________ and ________ systems.

-digestive; endocrine
-nervous; endocrine
-reproductive; endocrine
-circulatory; digestive
-nervous; digestive

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nervous; endocrine

Which descriptions are true of hormones?
I. produced by the nervous system
II. transported in the blood stream
III. interact with any cell having the appropriate receptor
IV. act within 1 second or less after release
V. effects may last several hours or days

-II, III, V
-I and IV
-I, III, V
-I, II, III
-none of these

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II, III, V

A metabolic pathway in which a series of steps, each using different enzymes, regenerates one of the early reactants, is a(an) ________ pathway.

anabolic
catabolic
linear
spiral
cyclic

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cyclic

Which of the following is common to the structures of NAD+, and FAD?

AMP
nicotinamide
ATP
nicotinic acid
ADP

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ADP

The synthesis of ATP from ADP and monohydrogen phosphate ________ 7 kcal/mol of energy and is an ________ reaction.

-consumes; exergonic
-consumes; endergonic
-releases; exergonic
-releases; endergonic
-None of these are correct.

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consumes; endergonic

The electrons brought into the electron transport chain are transferred in the following order of -complex I; complex III; CoQ; cytochrome c; complex IV. -complex I; complex III; cytochrome c; CoQ; complex IV. -CoQ; cytochrome c; complex IV, complex I; complex III. -complex I; CoQ; complex III; cytochrome c; complex IV. -cytochrome c; CoQ; complex I; complex III; complex IV.

omplex I; CoQ; complex III; cytochrome c; complex IV.

The process by which the cell produces ATP in the mitochondria is called -substrate-level phosphorylation. -electron transport. -oxidative phosphorylation. -hydrolysis.

oxidative phosphorylation.

The driving force which provides the energy for synthesis of ATP in the fourth stage of metabolism is the -exergonic conversion of ADP to ATP. -energy difference between reduced carbon atoms and oxidized carbon atoms. -concentration difference in oxygen between the cell and the intercellular fluid. -concentration gradient of hydrogen ions between the two sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane. -none of the above

concentration gradient of hydrogen ions between the two sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane.

In the first step of the citric acid cycle, acetyl-CoA reacts with ________ to produce ________, which is isomerized to ________ in the second step. -oxaloacetate; isocitrate; citrate -aconitase; isocitrate; citrate -oxaloacetate; citrate; isocitrate -succinate; fumarate; malate -succinate; malate; fumarate

oxaloacetate; citrate; isocitrate

Which of the following statements about free radicals is incorrect? -B vitamins provide protection from their harmful effects. -They can disrupt covalent bonds in biomolecules. -Their unpaired electron makes them extremely reactive. -They are a by-product of oxygen-consuming redox reactions. -Superoxide catalase is one of the specific enzymes that can provide protection from their harmful effects

B vitamins provide protection from their harmful effects.

The fourth stage of metabolism, in which the high energy molecules from stage three (NADH and FADH2) are oxidized to produce ATP is referred to as -the electron transport chain. -active transport. -glycolysis. -reductive phosphorylation. -the Krebs cycle.

the electron transport chain.

The abbreviation ATP stands for -anabolic triple phosphate. -alanine triphosphate. -adenosine tetraphosphate. -adenine + three phosphates. -adenosine triphosphate

adenosine triphosphate

The common molecule produced from all foods at the second stage of catabolism is -carbon dioxide. -citric acid. -acetyl-CoA. -ADP. -glucose.

acetyl-CoA.

A spiral metabolic sequence can best be described as one in which -a series of reactions regenerates the initial reactant. -the various reactions have virtually no connection to one another. -the same set of enzymes catalyses the same reaction in both the forward and reverse directions. -the product of the first reaction is the starting material for the next reaction, and so on. -the same set of enzymes progressively builds up or breaks down a molecule.

the same set of enzymes progressively builds up or breaks down a molecule.

Metabolism is composed of which process(es)? anabolism catabolism oncologism both A and B both B and C

both A and B

The cellular organelle associated with energy production is the -mitochondrion. -nucleus. -Golgi apparatus. -endoplasmic reticulum. -lysosome.

mitochondrion.

Which group of compounds includes only low-energy molecules? ADP; CO2; NAD+; FAD ATP; CO2; NADH; FADH2 ADP; acetyl-CoA; NAD+; FAD ADP; CO2; NADH; FADH2 ATP; acetyl-CoA; NADH; FADH2

ADP; CO2; NAD+; FAD

In a pair of coupled reactions, if the favorable reaction releases more energy than the amount required by the unfavorable reaction, the excess energy is -used to produce reduced coenzymes. -released as heat and used to maintain body temperature. -used by the unfavorable reaction to create more products than normally expected. -converted to high energy ATP. -reabsorbed by the favorable reaction to be used later.

released as heat and used to maintain body temperature.

How many ATP molecules are formed for each NADH molecule brought into complex I? 1 2 3 4 5

Which statement concerning coenzymes and redox reactions is incorrect? -Oxidation can be considered as loss of hydrogen or gain of oxygen. -An oxidation reaction cannot occur unless a reduction reaction also occurs. -NAD+ is the oxidized form of NADH. -Reduction can be considered as gain of hydrogen or loss of oxygen. -FAD is the reduced form of FADH2

FAD is the reduced form of FADH2

Which of the following is not true of NAD+ and FAD? -They donate electrons to the electron transport system. -These molecules when present in the reduced state are used to produce ATP. -The reduced form of FAD has more energy than the reduced form of NAD+. -They both contain two nucleosides.

They donate electrons to the electron transport system.

The ultimate source of energy for all but a very few biochemical reactions is the sun ATP lipids carbohydrates hydrocarbon

the sun

Which of the following reactions is the least energetic? ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi AMP + H2O → Adenosine + Pi ADP + H2O → AMP + Pi ATP + H2O → AMP + PPi All give off the same amount of energy.

AMP + H2O → Adenosine + Pi

The biochemical process in which simple molecules are combined to make larger ones and energy is consumed is referred to as catabolism metabolism respiration anabolism digestion

anabolism

How many ATP molecules are formed for each FADH2 molecule brought into complex II? 1 2 3 4 5

Photosynthesis is an ________ process because the free energy of the products is ________ the free energy of the reactants. -exergonic; greater than -equilibrium; the same as -endergonic; greater than -exergonic; less than -endergonic; less than

endergonic; greater than

Harmful byproducts of biochemical oxidation include -vitamins A, C, and E. -coenzyme Q. -superoxide ions and hydroxyl free radicals. -superoxide dismutase and catalase. -ATP.

superoxide ions and hydroxyl free radicals.

Chem Chapter 28, 20, 21 Flashcards

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