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Botany > Chemical Components of Plant Cells > Flashcards

Chemical Components of Plant Cells Flashcards

1
Q

it is defined as anything that takes up space and has mass

A

Matter

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2
Q

matter exist in many diverse forms and states:

A

Condensates, Solids, Liquids, gases and plasmas

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3
Q

matter consist of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called:

A

compounds

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4
Q

a substance that cannot be taken down to other substances by chemical reactions.

A

Elements

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5
Q

Backbone of organic molecules

A

c - carbon

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6
Q

present in lost organic molecules; required for aerobic respiration.

A

O - Oxygen

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7
Q

Present in most organic molecules

A

H - Hydrogen

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8
Q

Present in all protein and nucleic acids; present in chlorophyll

A

N - Nitrogen

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9
Q

Present in nucleic acids and energy transfer molecules such as ATP

A

K - Potassium

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10
Q

Present in chlorophyll

A

Mg - Magnesium

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11
Q

component of certain enzymes

A

Fe - Iron

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12
Q

Constituent of cell walls; required for some energy transfer reactions

A

Ca - Calcium

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13
Q

The smallest possible particle of an element that still retains the properties of that element is called: ( indivisible in greek)

A

Atoms

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14
Q

The number of an electron is ______ to the number of protons and neutrons.

A

equal

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15
Q

__ electrons, _____protons,_____ neutrons

A

all 6

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16
Q

a substance containing two or more different elements combined in a fixed ration.

A

Compounds

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17
Q

Hold atoms together

A

Chemical Bounds

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18
Q

Two main types of Bonds

A

Ionic and Covalent

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19
Q

Two atoms are so unequal in their attraction for electrons, and as a result, atoms gain or lose electrons to form this type of bond.

A

Ionic Bond

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20
Q

A charge atom or molecule

A

Ion

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21
Q

a positive charge

A

Cation

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22
Q

a negative charge

A

anion

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23
Q

The sharing of a pair of electron by two atoms; two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds constitute a molecule.

A

Covalent bond

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24
Q

Two types of covalent bond

A

Polar and non polar

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25
Q

atoms have differing electronegativities; sharing the electrons unequally

A

Polar Covalent Bond

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26
Q

atoms have similar electronegativities; sharing the electrons equally

A

Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

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27
Q

the strongest chemical bonds in organisms are____, which link atoms to form a cell’s molecules

A

Covalent bonds

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28
Q

Many large biological molecules are held in their functional form by

A

weak bonds

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29
Q

Two molecules can come together, respond to one another in some way, and then separate, they help to determine and stabilize the shapes of biological molecules. e.g. Ionic bond, hydrogen bond, and van der waals interaction

A

advantages of weak bonds

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30
Q

a non covalent attraction between hydrogen and electronegative atom; can occur in inorganic molecules such as water and in organic molecules like DNA and proteins; important in determining water

A

Hydrogen Bonds

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31
Q

it occurs only when atoms and molecules are very close together; Residual attractive or repulsive forces between molecules or atomic groups that do not arise from a covalent bond, or ionic bonds

A

Van der Waals interaction

32
Q

Two types of chemical compounds

A

inorganic and organic

33
Q

they are composed of elements other than carbon

A

inorganic compounds

34
Q

examples of inorganic compound

A

Water, acids, bases, and buffers

35
Q

an inorganic compound essential to plants; exist in solid, liquid, or vapor

A

Water

36
Q

4 emergent properties of water

A

a. Cohesive behavior
b. ability to moderate temperature
c. expansion upon freezing
d. Versatility as a solvent

37
Q

helps hold together the column of water within the cells, a phenomenon in which hydrogen bonds hold the substance together is called

A

Cohesion

38
Q

Helps resist the downward pull of gravity, the clinging of one substance to another is called___.

A

adhesion

39
Q

related to cohesion is ______, a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid.

A

surface tension

40
Q

water molecules stay close to each other as a result of hydrogen bonding

A

Cohesive behavior

41
Q

at sea level, water freezes at __ degree C and boils at ____ degree C

A

0; 100

42
Q

water is universal or not?

A

not

43
Q

one of the most important aspects of either environment is how acidic or basic (alkaline) it is, it is remain fairly stable in a plant’s cell degree, it dissociate almost completely in water; a proton donor

A

Acid

44
Q

HCI—–>H positive + Cl negative

A

Acid

45
Q

a compound that dissociates hydroxide ions (OH-) and positive sodium ion.

A

Base

46
Q

NaOH ——> Na positive + OH negative

A

Base

47
Q

a substance that minimizes changes in the concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution; accepting and donating hydrogen ions from the solution when they are in excess and.depleted; ___ solutions can reversibly with hydrogen ions.

A

Buffers

48
Q

Measures the minimizes changes in the concentration of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions in a solution.

A

pH Scale

49
Q

pH scale is important for:

A

a. photosynthesis
b. Disease resistance
c. tolerance to environmental stress
d. Efficient water use
e. overall plant health

50
Q

Contains carbon and hydrogen

A

organic compound

51
Q

examples of organic compound

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

52
Q

composed of 1C: 2H:1O

A

Carbohydrates

53
Q

3 kinds of carbohydrates

A

a. monosaccharides
b. Disaccharides
c. Polysaccharides

54
Q

also known as simple sugar and fuel molecules of cells, they are the monomer of carbohydrates; glucose and fructose

A

monosaccharides

55
Q

also known as double sugar; Sucrose

A

disaccharides

56
Q

also known as complex sugar, and composed of many sugar units.

A

Polysaccharides

57
Q

2 major function of polysaccharides:

A

a. building/structural material ( cellulose)
b. Main carbohydrate storage/reserves in plants.e.g. starches ( potatoes, corn, rice)

58
Q

Have a greasy or oily consistency and do not readily dissolve/mix in water.

A

Lipids

59
Q

function in all cells as fuel molecules and as essential components of cell membrane; waterproof covering (cuticle); acts as light-gathering molecules 9 chlorophylls and carotenoids) for photosynthesis

A

Lipids

60
Q

Lipids include:

A

a. natural fats and oils
b. Phospholipids
c. Steroids
d. certain pigments
e. waxes

61
Q

____is a solid at room temp and __ is liquid at room temp

A

Fats; oil

62
Q

a group of lipids important a s component of cell membranes

A

phospholipids

63
Q

is a waxy substances found in outer walls of epidermal cells, from the cuticle that covers the aerial portions of plant leaves and herbaceous stems

A

Cutin

64
Q

is a waxy substance found in the walls of cork cells ( outer bark of wood)

A

Suberin

65
Q

___ and____ protects the. plant’s aerial surface from excess water loss.

A

cutin and suberin

66
Q

are macromolecules composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and usually sulfur that serve as structural components of cells and tissues

A

Proteins

67
Q

a protein that affects the rate of chemical reactions

A

enzyme

68
Q

proteins composed of hundreds of units called:

A

amino acids

69
Q

important reasons of amino acids to plants:

A

a. protein synthesis
b. Photosynthesis
c. Nutrient transport
d. cell wall formation
e. regulation of growth and development

70
Q

the transmission of heredity information from one generation to the next

A

Nucleic acids

71
Q

nucleic acids composed of repeating units called:

A

nucleotides

72
Q

two types of nucleic acids

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)

73
Q

combines the instructions for making all the proteins that an organisms needs; are encoded in genes

A

Dna or deoxyribonucleic acid

74
Q

functions in the process of protein synthesis and various function during gene expression

A

Rna or ribonucleic acids

75
Q

types of RNA

A

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, snRNA

76
Q

sequence

A

cell, nucleus, chromosomes, dna

Botany (5 decks)

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