Chemicals, Chemical Bonds, & Chemical Reactions

Question 1

Ion

Answer 1

A particle that has a positive or negative charge because of an unequal number of protons and electrons

Question 2

Molecule

Answer 2

Two or more atoms sharing electrons

Question 3

Compound

Answer 3

A substance that contains atoms of two or more different elements

Question 4

Free radical

Answer 4

An atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell

Question 5

Chemical bonds

Answer 5

The forces that hold together the atoms of a molecule or a compound

Question 6

Valence she’ll

Answer 6

The outermost electron shell of an atom

Question 7

Octet rule

Answer 7

Under the right conditions, two or more atoms can interact in ways that produce a chemically stable arrangement of 8 valence electrons for each atom

Question 8

Ionic bond

Answer 8

The force of attraction that holds together ions with opposite charges

Question 9

Cation

Answer 9

A positively charged ion

Question 10

Anion

Answer 10

A negatively charged ion

Question 11

Electrolyte

Answer 11

An ionic compound that breaks apart into positively and negatively charged ions in solution

Question 12

Covalent bonds

Answer 12

Two or more atoms sharing electrons

Question 13

Single covalent bond

Answer 13

When two atoms share one electron pair, allowing both atoms to have a full valence shell at least part of the time

Question 14

Double covalent bond

Answer 14

When two atoms share two pairs of electrons

Question 15

Triple covalent bond

Answer 15

When two atoms share three pairs of electrons

Question 16

Nonpolar covalent bond

Answer 16

When two atoms share electrons equally

Question 17

Polar covalent bond

Answer 17

When the sharing of electrons is unequal. The nucleus of one atom attracts the shared electrons more strongly than the nucleus of the other atom

Question 18

Electronegativity

Answer 18

The power of an atom to attract electrons to itself

Question 19

Hydrogen bond

Answer 19

Forms when a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge attracts the partial negative charge of neighboring electronegative atoms (usually larger oxygen or nitrogen atoms)

Question 20

Chemical reaction

Answer 20

Occurs when new bonds form or old bonds break between atoms. Chemical reactions are the basis for all life processes, and the interactions between valence electrons are the basis of all chemical reactions

Question 21

Reactants

Answer 21

The starting substances of a chemical reaction

Question 22

Products

Answer 22

The ending substances of a chemical reaction

Question 23

Energy

Answer 23

The capacity to do work

Potential energy - stored energy

Kinetic energy - energy in motion

Question 24

Chemical energy

Answer 24

A type of potential energy that is stored in the bonds of compounds and molecules

Question 25

Law of conservation of energy

Answer 25

Energy cannot be made or destroyed, but it can be converted from one form to another

Question 26

Exergonic reactions

Answer 26

Chemical reactions that release more energy than they absorb

Question 27

Endergonic reactions

Answer 27

Chemical reactions that absorb more energy than they release

Question 28

Activation energy

Answer 28

The collision energy needed to break the chemical bonds of the reactants Concentration - the more particles of matter present in a confined space, the greater the chance they will collide Temperature - as temperature rises, particles move faster and have a greater chance of collision

Question 29

Catalyst

Answer 29

A chemical compound that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur

Question 30

Synthesis reaction

Answer 30

When two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules All synthesis reactions in the body are called anabolism

Question 31

Decomposition reactions

Answer 31

Split up larger molecules into smaller atoms, ions or molecules All decomposition reactions in the body are called catabolism

Question 32

Exchange reactions

Answer 32

Reactions that consist of both synthesis and decomposition reactions

Question 33

Reversible reactions

Answer 33

A chemical reaction in which the products can revert to the original reactants

Question 34

Oxidation-reduction reactions

Answer 34

Always parallel; when one substance is oxidized, another is reduced Oxidation - loss of electrons Reduction - gain of electrons