Chemistry Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
Define Chemistry
A
study of matter and how that matter interacts with other matter
2
Q
Define Matter
A
anything that occupies space and has mass
3
Q
What does Chemistry study?
A
the nature of matter—how its building blocks are put together and how they interact
4
Q
Define Element
A
pure substance that cannot be seperated into different substances
5
Q
What are an atoms subatomic particles?
A
Protons, Neutrons and Electrons
6
Q
Protons have what kind of charge?
A
positive
7
Q
Neutrons have what kind of charge?
A
neutral, uncharged
8
Q
Electrons have what kind of charge?
A
negative
9
Q
____ and ____ are heavy particles and have approximately the same mass.
A
Protons and Neutrons
10
Q
The ____ are heavy particles and have approximately the same mass
A
electrons
11
Q
The proton is positioned where in the atom?
A
The nucleus
12
Q
The neutron is positioned where in the atom?
A
The nucleus
13
Q
The electron is positioned where in the atom?
A
It orbits around the nucleus
14
Q
Define Atom
A
smallest unit of matter
15
Q
How many elements are there?`
A
118
16
Q
Where are the Protons located in the atom?
A
The nucleus
17
Q
Where are the neutrons located?
A
The nucleus
18
Q
Where are electrons located?
A
in shells around the nucleus
19
Q
What is a molecule?
A
a group of atoms held together by chemical bonds
20
Q
Define Compound
A
substance that is composed of two or more atoms from different elements
21
Q
What is the difference between a molecule and compound?
A
All compounds are molecules. All molecules are not compounds.
22
Q
What is an Ion?
A
a charged atom, negative or positive
23
Q
How does an Ion become charged?
A
when an atom loses or gains an electron it becomes charged
24
Q
What is a positive charged Ion called?
A
Cations
25
What is a negative charged Ion called?
Anions
26
Name the three chemical bonds
* Ionic
* Covalent
* hydrogen
27
Define an Ionic bond
opposite ions make a molecule
28
Define a Covalent bond
the formation of a molecule by sharing electrons
29
Define a Hydrogen bond
when a positive Hydrogen atom is attracted to a negative one
30
Which bond is the weakest?
Hydrogen
31
Which bond is the strongest?
Covalent
32
How are bond formed and broken?
By different types of reactions
33
What are the four types of reactions?
* Synthesis
* Decomposition
* Exchange
* Reversible
34
What is a Synthesis reaction?
When two or more Ions or molecules make larger molecules. Anabolic reaction
35
What is a Decomposition reaction?
molecules broken down into smaller parts.
36
What is an Exchange reaction?
A decomposition reaction followed by a synthesis reaction equals two new products
37
What is a Reversible reaction?
can go in either direction
38
What is required or liberated when bonds are created or broken?
Energy in the form of heat
39
Define Metabolism
the sum of all chemical reactions in the body
40
What are two types of metabolism?
* Catabolism
* Anabolism
41
What are two classes of chemicals in the body?
* Inorganic
* Organic
42
What are Inorganic chemicals?
lack carbon, smaller, and are held together by covalent or ionic bonds
43
What are Organic Chemicals?
contain carbon, usually contain hydrogen and have covalent bonds
44
What are the 4 main types of inorganic substances found in the body?
Water
Salts
Bases
Acids
45
What's the most abundant inorganic compound in the body?
Water
46
What accounts for 2/3 of the body's weight?
water
47
What are the 4 vital properties of water?
* High heat capacity
* Polarity/Solvent problems
* Chemical Reactivity
* Cushioning
48
What is the universal solvent?
water
49
Define solvent
liquids or gases that dissolve smaller amounts of solutes
50
Define Solutes
solids, liquids, or gases that are desolved by solvents
51
What forms when a solute is very tiny?
A solution
52
Define hydrolysis reactions
reactions that require water
53
How do you know when the inorganic compound is an acid?
When it releases a hydrogen Ion
54
How do you know when the inorganic compound is an base?
When it releases a hydroxyl Ion
55
How do you know when the inorganic compound is an salts?
When it releases an Ion that isn't a hydrogen or hydroxide Ion
56
What does the pH scales measure?
relative concentration of hydrogen ions in body fluid
57
In terms of pH, describe an acidic solution
has a greater amount of hydrogen ions and less hydroxyl ions
58
In terms of pH, describe a base solution
has less amount of hydrogen ions but more hydroxyl ions
59
What is the purpose of a buffer?
to resist drastic changes in pH
60
Define polymer
chainlike molecules made of similar or repeating monomers
61
Which molecules are polymers?
carbohydrates and proteins
62
Define dehydration synthesis
monomers become polymers by removing water molecules
63
Define hydrolysis reaction
polymers become monomers by adding water
64
What are the chemical compositions of carbohydrates?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
65
What is the monomer of carbohydrate?
Monosaccharide
66
Give examples of carbohydrates
* sugar
* glycogen
* starches
* cellulose
67
Define Monosaccharides
simple sugars, single chain
68
How many carbon atoms does a monosaccharide contain?
3 to 7 carbon atoms
69
Define a Disaccharide
two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis
70
What is too large to pass through a cell membrane?
Disaccharides
71
What is a nonpolar molecule?
electrons shared equally between atoms
72
If a molecule is nonpolar what is it considered?
neutral
73
Is nonpolar charged or not charged?
not charged
74
Is polar charged or not charged?
charged
75
What is a polar molecule?
electrons are not shared equally between the atoms
76
What is the chemical composition of a lipid?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphate
77
What is the monomer of lipids?
Glycerol backbone, 3 fatty acids
78
Give examples of lipids
* Fats
* Oils:
* Triglycerides
* Phospholipids
* Cholesterol
79
Does cholesterol make steroids?
yes
80
Where are triglycerides found?
fat deposits
81
What's a source of stored energy?
Triglycerides
82
Where do saturated fats come from?
animals
83
Where do unsaturated fats come from?
plants
84
which one has a single covalent bond, saturated or unsaturated fats?
saturated fats
85
What has one or more double covalent bond, saturated or unsaturated fats?
unsaturated
86
How many fatty acids do phospholipids contain?
two
87
How many fatty acids do triglycerides contain?
three
88
How many fatty acids do triglycerides contain?
three
89
Define hydrophobic
water fearing
90
Define hydrophilic
water loving
91
The pholipids head interact with ____ and ____ and the tail do not
water, ions
92
What is formed of four interlocking rings?
steroids
93
What is this?
Cholesterol
94
What is the chemical composition of protein?
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfar
95
What is the monomer of protein?
Amino acids
96
Give examples of protein
* Keratin
* Antibodies
* Muscle
* Collagen
* Enzymes
97
If a compound contains fewer than 50 amino acids, it's what?
a polypeptides
98
If a compound contains more than 50 amino acids, it's a what?
a protein
99
What is the primary structure of a protein?
Polypeptide chain
100
Are polysaccharides soluble or unsoluble?
unsoluble
101
What is the secondary structure of a protein?
| `
The alpha-helix and beta pleated sheet
102
In the quaternary structure what does it consist of?
two or more polypeptide chains
103
What monomer is this?
A monosaccharide Protein
104
What monomer is this?
Disaccharide Protein
105
What monomer is this?
Polysaccharide Protein
106
What structure level in the Protein is this?
Primary structure
107
What structure level in the protein is this?
the secondary level
108
What structure level in the protein is this?
Tertiary structure
109
What structure level in the protein is this?
Quarternary structure
110
What are the chemical composition of Nucleic Acid?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and phosphorus
111
What is the largest molecule in the body?
Nucleic Acid
112
What is the monomer of nucleic acid?
Nucleotides
113
Examples of nucleic acid
* DNA
* RNA
* ATP
114
What three parts does a nucleotide carry?
* A nitrogenous base
* Pentose sugar
* A phosphate group
115
What are the four bases of DNA?
* Adenine
* Thymine
* Cytosine
* Guanine
116
What's the sugar of DNA?
deoxyribose
117
What is the sugar of RNA?
ribose
118
What are the bases of RNA?
* Adenine
* Uracil
* Cytosine
* Guanine
