skeleton system Flashcards
1
Q
Define osteoblasts
A
bone-forming cells
2
Q
Define osteoclasts
A
large cells break down bone matrix
3
Q
Define osteocytes
A
mature bone cell
4
Q
Define osteon
A
structural/function of compact bone
5
Q
What are the 5 functions of bones?
A
- support
- protection
- movement
- storing minerals/fats
- producing blood cells
6
Q
anatomical difference between spongy and compact bone?
A
Compact: dense, smooth, homogeneous, osteons
Spongy: needlelike bone, open spaces, no central canal, trabeculea
7
Q
How many bones does the adult skeleton have?
A
206
8
Q
2 types of bone tissue?
`
A
- compact
- spongy
9
Q
4 groups bone is classified under?
A
- long
- short
- flat
- irregular
10
Q
2 special categories bones are classified under?
A
- wormian
- sesamoid
11
Q
5 anatomical features of a long bone.
A
- diaphysis
- periosteum
- epiphysis
- articular cartilage
- Epiphyseal line/plate
12
Q
2 anatomical features of a short bone
A
- cube-shaped
- spongy, compact outer layer
13
Q
sesamoid bone is what type of bone?
A
short bone
14
Q
sesamoid bones form where?
A
within tendons or muscles
15
Q
2 anatomical features of a flat bones?
A
- thin,flat,curved
- spongy bone between two layer compact bone
16
Q
2 examples of long bones
A
- femur
- humerus
17
Q
2 examples of short bones
A
- carpals
- tarsals
18
Q
3 examples of flat bones
A
- most of skull
- ribs
- sternum
19
Q
2 anatomical features of an irregular bone
A
- irregular shape
- do not fit in other categories
20
Q
2 examples of irregular bones
A
- vertebrae
- facial bones
21
Q
example of a sesamoid bone
A
patella
22
Q
anatomical feature of a wormian bone
A
form in the sutures of the skull plates
23
Q
example of wormian bone
A
only found between the skull plates
24
Q
2 divisions of skeletal system
A
- axial
- appendicular
25
diaphysis is what & what is it composed of?
* shaft
* compact bone
26
periosteum is what & what 1 tissue/fiber each?
* covering of diaphysis
* dense irregular
* sharpy fibers
27
What is the covering surrounding the shaft?
periosteum
28
What is stored in the medullary cavity?
yellow bone marrow
29
where does red blood production occur?
red bone marrow in the epiphysis
30
How do you know if a bone still growing?
if there is an epiphyseal plate present
31
3 types of bone cells?
* Osteoblast
* Osteocyte
* Osteogenic cell
32
2 functions of the osteoblast?
* lines outside of bone
* forms bone matrix
33
Function of osteoclast
breaks down matrix
34
Function of osteocyte
maintains bone matrix
35
Describe the microscopic structure of compact bone
* osteons(haversian system)
* Central (Haversian) canal
* Canaliculi
* Perforating(molkmann's) canal
36
What is the lamellae?
* extracellular(bone) matrix
* rings around the central canal
37
3 structures found in the central canal
* arteries
* veins
* nerves
38
what is the name of the cytoplasmic extension that allows osteocytes to communicate with the central canal?
canaliculi
39
where do you find compact bone?
outer layer of the bone
40
where do you find spongy bones?
inner layer of the bone
41
what are the 4 functions of compact bone?
* support
* movement
* protection
* strength
42
what is the function of spongy bone?
* providing support
* flexibility
43
3 bone processes
* bone formation
* bone remodeling
* bone repair
44
6 type of connective tissue that bones are composed of
* loose connective tissue
* adipose tissue
* dense fibrous connective tissue
* elastic connective tissue
* cartilage
* bone tissue,
* blood tissue
45
what are the 4 steps of intramembranous ossification?
* development of ossification center
* calcification
* formating of trabeculae
* development of periosteum
46
ossification is what processes?
bone formation
47
renewal is what processes?
bone remodeling
48
What bones of the skeleton are formed by intramembranous ossification?
* skull
* maxilla
* mandible
* clavicle
49
What are the 6 steps of endochondral ossification?
* development of cartilage model
* growth of cartilage model
* development of primary ossification center
* development of medullary cavity
* development of second ossification center
* formation of articular cartilage/epiphyseal plate
50
2 phases in ossification in long bones
* osteoblast cover hyaline cartilage with bone matrix
* enclosed cartilage in fetus is digested away making medullary cavity
51
what are the 5 difference between intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification?
* differ in number of steps
* ossify different bones
* endochondral starts with a cartilaginous model
* 2 ossification centers in endochondral, 1 in intramembranous
* both occur during fetal development but endochondral continues post-nataly
52
What bones of the skeleton are formed by endochondral ossification?
rest of the bones
53
What is bone remodeling?
process of repairing or maintaining bone by adding or removing bone matrix
54
why is bone remodeling important?
retain normal proportions and strength during long-bone growth
55
What are the 4 stages of bone repair?
* hematoma forms
* fibrocartilage callus forms
* bony callus forms
* bone remodeling occurs
56
If blood calcium level is high, what lowers the blood calcium?
thyroid gland releasing calcitonin
57
If blood calcium levels are low, what raises the blood calcium?
parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone
58
How does calcitonin and PTH play a role in regulating proper blood calcium levels
calcitonin stimulates osteoblasts that will grow bone
PTH will stimulate osteoclast that will break down bone
59
What are the stages of bone repair?
* hematoma
* fibrocartilaginous callus
* bony callus
* bone remodeling
60
what are the 8 bone fractures?
* greenstick
* spiral
* comminuted
* compression
* depression
* oblique
* epiphyseal
* transverse
61
2 characteristics of a greenstick fracture?
* common in children
* bend or crack in an incomplete break
62
2 characteristics in an oblique fracture?
* common in sports
* twisting force
63
what is a comminuted fracture?
bone broken into many pieces
64
2 characteristics of a compression fracture?
* common in elderly
* bones are crushed
65
what is a depression fracture?
bone moves inward
66
what is an oblique fracture?
happens diagnal to the long axis
67
what is an epiphyseal fracture?
breaks along the epiphysis
68
what is a transverse fracture?
breaks perpendicular to the long axis
69
List the types of vertebra
* cervical
* thoracic
* lumbar
* sacral
* coccyx
70
how many bones does the cervical have?
7
71
how many bones does the thoracic have?
12
72
how many bones does the lumbar have?
5
73
how many does the sacral have?
5 fused
74
Identify the 3 parts of the rib cage.
* True
* false
* floating
75
What are the 4 spinal curvatures?
* normal
* scoliosis
* kyphosis
* lordosis
76
List all 6 bones of the axial skeleton
* skull
* facial bones
* vertebra
* sacrum
* sternum
* ribs
77
what are the 6 bones of the cranium?
* frontal
* parietal
* temporal
* occipital
* sphenoid
* ethmoid
78
3 parts of the skull does the frontal bone form?
* forehead
* bony projections under the eyebrows
* superior part of each eye’s orbit
79
what part of the skull does the parietal bone form?
superior and lateral walls of the cranium
80
what part of the skull does the temporal bone form?
inferior to the parietal bones and join them at the squamous sutures
81
what part of the skull does the occipital bone form?
the base and back wall of the skull
82
what part of the skull does the sphenoid bone form?
spans the width of the skull and forms part of the floor of the cranial cavity
83
what part of the skull does the ethmoid bone form?
the roof of the nasal cavity and part of the medial walls of the orbits
84
what 6 features does the vertebra have?
* Body(centrum)
* arch
* foramen
* Transverse processes
* Spinous process
* Superior/inferior articular process
85
What 2 bones do the ribs articulate with?
sternum
vertebral column
86
How many true ribs?
7 pairs
87
how many false ribs?
5 pair
88
how many floating ribs?
2 pair
89
what kind of cartilage are the ribs connected by?
costal cartilages
90
What direction does each lie in relation to the posterior aspect of the body?
All the ribs articulate with the vertebral column posteriorly and then curve downward and toward the anterior body surface
91
what are the 8 bones of the shoulder girdle?
* clavicle
* scapula
* humerus
* radius
* ulna
* carpals
* metacarpals
* phalanges
92
what are the 9 bones of the pelvic girdle?
* coxal
* sacrum
* coccyx
* femur
* fibula
* tibia
* tarsals
* metatarsals
* phalanges
93
What are the 6 differences between the female and male pelvic girdles?
* The female inlet is larger and more circular.
* pelvis is shallower
* bones are lighter and thinner.
* ilia flare more laterally
* sacrum is shorter and less curved.
* ischial spines are shorter and farther apart
* pubic arch is more rounded
