Chemistry

Question 1

Identify the characteristics of the 3 subatomic particles: Protons

Answer 1

Protons have a positive charge, are located in the nucleus and determine the identity of the element

Question 2

Identify the characteristics of the 3 subatomic particles: Electrons

Answer 2

Electrons have a negative charge, are located outside the nucleus and are responsible for bonding and chemical/physical property changes

Question 3

Identify the characteristics of the 3 subatomic particles: Neutrons

Answer 3

Neutrons have no charge, are located in the nucleus and stabilize the nucleus

Question 4

Explain how the atomic number and mass number of an atom can be used to determine the number of neutrons

Answer 4

The number of neutrons is calculated by subtracting the atomic number (number of protons) from the mass number (sum of protons and neutrons)

Question 5

Differentiate between ionic and covalent bonds: Ionic

Answer 5

Ionic bonds form when electrons are transferred between atoms, creating charged ions that attract

Question 6

Differentiate between ionic and covalent bonds: Covalent

Answer 6

Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons

Question 7

With the use of a diagram or diagrams, explain why water molecules are capable of hydrogen bonding with four neighboring water molecules

Answer 7

Water molecules hydrogen bond with up to four neighbors due to the polar nature of the O-H bonds, where oxygen’s partial negative charge attracts hydrogen’s partial positive charge, forming a tetrahedral arrangement

Question 8

List the four characteristics of water that are emergent properties resulting from hydrogen bonding

Answer 8

Cohesion, Adhesion, High specific heat, Solevent Properties

Question 9

Describe the four characteristics of water that are emergent properties resulting from hydrogen bonding: Cohesion

Answer 9

Cohesion (molecules stick together, enabling surface tension)

Question 10

Describe the four characteristics of water that are emergent properties resulting from hydrogen bonding: Adhesion

Answer 10

adhesion (molecules stick to other substances, aiding capillary action)

Question 11

List the four characteristics of water that are emergent properties resulting from hydrogen bonding: High Specific heat

Answer 11

high specific heat (resists temperature changes)

Question 12

List the four characteristics of water that are emergent properties resulting from hydrogen bonding: Solvent Properties

Answer 12

solvent properties (dissolves polar substances), all arise from hydrogen bonding

Question 13

Explain why solid water is less dense than liquid water and the effect of this phenomeno

Answer 13

Solid water (ice) is less dense than liquid water because hydrogen bonds form a rigid, open lattice in ice, causing it to float, which insulates lakes and allows aquatic life to survive under frozen surfaces

Question 14

Why does ice float in water?

Answer 14

Hydrogen bonds keep the molecules of ice farther apart than the molecules of liquid water, making it less dense.

Question 15

Large bodies of water _______ temperature changes and ______ Earth’s temperature due to _____ ______ ______ of water.

Answer 15

Resist, Moderate, High specific heat

Question 16

In a mixture of salt and water, water acts as the:

Answer 16

Solvent

Question 17

The smallest particle of matter that retains the characteristics of that element is…

Answer 17

an atom

Question 18

The attraction of molecules to each other is called ___ while the attraction of water molecules to other substances is called ___.

Answer 18

Cohesion, Adhesion

Question 19

How do isotopes of the same element differ from each other?

Answer 19

Number of neutrons