chemistry Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
ions
A
charged atoms or molecules with unequal number of protons and electrons
2
Q
2 types of ions
A
cations anions
3
Q
cations
A
positively charged ions because they have more protons than electrons
4
Q
anions
A
negatively charged ions because they have more electrons than protons
5
Q
Na has 11 protons Na+2 has how many electrons Cl has 17 protons Cl-1 has how many electrons
A
+2 means their are 2 more protons than electrons so there are 9 electrons -1 means their are 1 less protons than electrons so there are 18 protons
6
Q
molecules
A
two or more atoms chemically bound together
7
Q
compounds
A
molecules made up of two or more elements
8
Q
chemical bonds
A
forces that hold molecules together
9
Q
2 types of chemical bonds
A
ionic bonds covalent bonds
10
Q
ionic bonds
A
formed when a cation and an anion come in close proximity their opposite charges attract and they bond together
11
Q
molecules that contain an ionic bond are commonly known as
A
salts
12
Q
covalent bonds
A
the electrons of neighboring atoms orbit between the atoms causing them to bond together
13
Q
2 types of covalent bonds
A
polar covalent bonds non-polar covalent bonds
14
Q
polar covalent bonds
A
electrons are not shared equally between neighboring atoms-electrons spend more time orbiting one atom than the other
15
Q
non-polar covalent bonds
A
electrons are shared equally between the neighboring atoms
16
Q
molecules that have one or more polar covalent bonds will or will not dissolve in water
A
will dissolve
17
Q
molecules with ionic bonds will or will not dissolve in water
A
will dissolve
18
Q
molecules made up of only non-polar covalent bonds will or will not dissolve in water
A
will not dissolve
19
Q
chemical reactions
A
formation, breakdown or rearrangement of chemical bonds
20
Q
what’s the difference between H2 vs 2H
A
H2 is a molecule made-up of 2 hydrogen atoms
2H are 2 independent hydrogen atoms
21
Q
mixtures
A
multiple chemicals in a container
22
Q
2 types of mixtures
A
heterogeneous mixtures homogenius mixtures
23
Q
heterogeneous mixtures
A
chemicals are not evenly distributed in container
24
Q
homogenius mixtures
A
chemicals are evenly distributed in container
25
3 types of homogenous mixtures
suspensions solutions colloids "gels"
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suspensions
temporary homogeneous mixtures that will turn into heterogeneous mixtures eventually EX: bottle of italian dressing
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solutions
permanent homogeneous mixtures because chemicals have dissolved into each other EX: sugar water
28
colloids
homogeneous mixtures that are a cross between a suspension and a solution where the chemicals are partially dissolved and partially suspended EX: jello
29
solute
the chemical(s) that dissolves into a solvent in a solution
30
solvent
the chemical the solute(s) dissolves into in a solution
31
hydrophilic chemicals
chemicals that will dissolve in water and into each other
32
hydrophilic chemicals include what 2 kinds of molecule bonds
ionic and/or polar covalent bonds
33
hydrophobic chemicals
chemicals that will not dissolve in water
34
hydrophobic chemicals include what kinds of bonds
only non-polar covalent bonds
35
acids
chemicals that produce hydrogen ions (H+) when mixed w/ water-acidic solution
36
bases
chemicals that produce hydroxide ions (OH-) when mixed w/ water-basic/alkaline solution
37
ph scale
measure of acidity or alkalinity from 0 to 14
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ph range from 0 to 6.9
acidic solution
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ph range from 7.1 to 14
alkaline solution
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ph of 7.0
neutral solution (pure water)
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buffers
chemicals that react w/ hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions to remove them from a solution causing the solution to remain stable (close to 7.0) EX: bicarbonate
42
inorganic molecules
molecules w/out carbon
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organic molecules
molecules w/ carbon
44
4 basic types of organic molecules in human body
carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids
45
carbohydrates
carbon molecules are each bound to a water molecule function as fuel molecules
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3 types of carbohydrates
1. monosaccharides "sugars" basic carbs 2. disaccharides "sugars" 2 monosaccharides bound together 3. polysaccharides 3 or more monosaccharides linked end to end complex carbs
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3 types of monosaccharides
glucose "blood sugar" fructose "fruit sugar" galactose
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3 types of disaccharides "sugars"
1. sucrose "cane sugar" glucose molecule linked w/ fructose molecule 2. lactose "milk sugar" glucose molecule linked w/ galactose molecule 3. maltose "malt sugar" 2 glucoses linked together
49
3 types of polysaccharides
1. glycogen "animal starch" fuel molecules found in muscle & liver cells 2. amylose "plant/corn starch" fuel molecules found in plants 3. cellulose "fiber" found in plants-we don't have enzymes to break it down so it passes right through us
50
lipids function as
fuel molecules hormones structural molecules
51
3 types of lipids
1. triglycerides 2. phospholipids 3. steroids
52
triglycerides function as what kind of molecules and are made of what
function as hydrophobic fuel molecules abundant in fat cells made-up of a glycerol molecule linked to 3 fatty acid molecules
53
3 types of triglycerides
1. saturated fat 2. unsaturated fat 3. trans fat
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saturated fat
triglycerides where the glcerol molecule is linked w/ 3 fatty acid molecules are saturated fatty acids typically solid at room temp EX: in meats, butter, lard, shortening
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unsaturated fat
triglycerides where the glycerol molecule is linked w/ at least 1 unsaturated fatty acid typically liquid at room temp EX: in oils such as olive, peanut, veg, canola
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trans fat
triglycerides whwre the glycerol molecule is linked w/ abnormal/unnatural fatty acids formed when saturated or unsaturated fats are heated at high temps or they're made as a byproduct when saturated fats are made in a lab
57
phospholipids function as what kind of molecules and are made of what
function as structural molecules-main molecules in cell membranes made-up of a glycerol molecule linked to 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate molecule active ingredient in soap, detergent and shampoo
58
phospholipids when mixed with water
form microscopic spheres w/ water on inside and outside wall of sphere is made-up of 2 layers of phospholipids inner and outer layer of phospholipid heads dissolve in water both layers of fatty acid tails dissolve in each other
59
2 functions of steroids and their structure
function as structural molecules and hormones have a complex 4 ring structure EX: cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen, cortisol etc.
60
2 types of fatty acids and what they look like
1. saturated fatty acids-straight chain of carbons 2. unsaturated fatty acids-have a kink in the carbon chain (bent molecule)
61
7 possible functions of proteins
1. fuel molecules 2. structural molecules 3. hormones 4. channels 5. receptors 6. pumps 7. enzymes
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enzymes are what
proteins that trigger chemical reactions
63
proteins are made of what and what is their structure
typically huge molecules made-up of long chains of amino acids (20 different kinds in human body) linked end to end w/ a complex 3 dimensional structure twisted and folded onto itself
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peptides are what
proteins made-up of less than 50 amino acids
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polypeptides are what
proteins made-up of more than 50 amino acids
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protein denaturation
loss of a protein's native/functional structure causing the protein to be denatured/dysfunctional
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3 possible causes of protein denaturation
1. heat 2. extreme ph 3. high salt exposure
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nucleic acids function as what 2 types of molecules and are made of what
function as fuel molecules and genetic molecules made-up of nucleotides
69
3 common nucleic acids
1. DNA 2. RNA 3. ATP
70
nucleotides are what
building blocks of nucleic acids
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5 types of nucleotides
A, G, C, T, U
72
DNA are made of what and are located where what do they contain and what is done with that
huge genetic molecule made-up of the nucleotides A, G, C and T linked end to end in different sequences located in the nucleus of cells contain segments of nucleotide sequence that are decoded by enzymes into RNA molecules
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1. RNA are made of what 2. leave where to bind to what 3. used for what
1. genetic molecule made-up of the nucleotides A, G, C and U 2. typically RNA molecules leave the nucleus and bind to ribosomes 3. used for protein synthesis
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stages of gene expression
1. DNA gene sequence 2. transcription 3. RNA molecule 4. translation 5. protein molecule
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transcription occurs is what and occurs where by what binding to what
1st stage of gene expression occurs in the nucleus by enzymes that bind to genes (RNA synthesis)
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translation occurs where on what structures
protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm on structures called ribosomes
77
1. ATP is what kind of molecule and made of what 2. what binds to it causing what to happen 3. what then harnesses the energy to trigger what
1. body's main fuel molecule made-up of the nucleotide A linked to 3 phosphates 2. many enzymes in the body bind to ATP breaking it down into ADP and P 3. the enzymes then harness the energy released from ATP breakdown to trigger a chemical reaction
78
3 basic parts of a cell
1. nucleus 2. cytoplasm 3. plasma membrane
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plasma membrane is composed of what 3 things
1. mainly phospholipid bylayer 2. cholesterol to give strength 3. plasma membrane proteins
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3 types of plasma membrane PROTEINS
1. transport proteins
2. receptor proteins
3. membrane junction proteins
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2 types of transport proteins
1. channels 2. pumps
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channel proteins function by forming a what in where which is designed to do what
form a pore in the plasma membrane designed to allow a specific chemical to pass in and out of the cell
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pump proteins function by breaking down what and then using that energy to do what
break down ATP (into ADP +P) and use the energy from the breakdown to force a specific chemical from inside the cell to outside
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receptor proteins function by binding to what 2 things which then activates what
bind to hormones or neurotransmitters which activates the cell to alter its function
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neurotransmitters
neuron signaling molecules
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membrane junction proteins function by binding what and are also known as what
bind neighboring cells together "cell to cell adhesion proteins"
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3 types of membrane JUNCTION proteins
1. tight junctions 2. desmosomes 3. gap junctions
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tight junctions form what between cells
a waterproof seal between cells
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desmosomes form what between cells
a strong anchor between cells making the tissues tear resistant
90
gap junctions form what between cells
channels linking cells that allow chemicals and electricity to flow between them
91
3 ways chemicals can TRANSPORT across the plasma membrane
1. passive transport (diffusion) 2. active transport 3. vesicular transport
92
in passive transport chemicals move freely across the plasma membrane from what area to what area which causes what
chemicals move freely across the plasm membrane from an area of high concentration to low concentration causing the chemical to become equally distributed
93
2 types of passive transport "DIFFUSION"
1. simple diffusion 2. facilitated diffusion
94
in simple diffusion what 2 types of chemicals can cross the plasma membrane by passing between what molecules
only hydrophobic or tiny uncharged hydrophilic chemicals cross the plasma membrane by passing between the phospholipid molecules
95
in facilitated diffusion any sort of chemical can cross the plasma membrane so long as what exists
any sort of chemical can cross the plasma membrane as long as there is a channel for that specific chemical
96
in active transport chemicals cross the plasma membrane through what using the energy from what this process can force what to happen
chemicals move across the plasma membrane through pumps using the energy from ATP break down this process can force a chemical in or out of the cell against its concentration gradient
97
how does vesicular transport work
large amounts of material are moved across the plasma membrane via vesicles
98
vesicles
membrane enclosed sphere inside the cytoplasm its wall is made of a phospholipid bilayer
99
2 types of vesicular transport
1. endocytosis "cell eating" 2. exocytosis "cell vomiting"
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osmosis
diffusion of water molecules from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration {solutes attract water molecules and drive osmosis]
101
hypotonic solution
concentration of solutes is greater inside the cell than outside of cell
102
hypertonic solution
concentration of solutes is greater outside of cell than inside
103
isotonic solution
concentration of solutes is is equally distributed inside and outside of the cell
