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A&P 1 > muscular system > Flashcards

muscular system Flashcards

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1
Q

6 types of skeletal muscle connective tissues

A
  1. deep fascia 2. epimysium 3. perimysium 4. endomysium 5. tendons 6. aponeuroses
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2
Q

deep fascia 1. made of what kind of connective tissue 2. location 3. function

A
  1. dense irregular connective tissue 2. surrounds multiple muscles 3. packages neighboring muscles together
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3
Q

epimysium 1. made of what kind of connective tissue 2. location 3. texture

A
  1. dense irregular connective tissue 2. covers individual muscles 3. shiny
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4
Q

perimysium 1. made of what kind of connective tissue 2. location

A
  1. dense irregular connective tissue 2. surrounds bundles of skeletal muscle cells (fascicles)
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5
Q

endomysium 1. made of what kind of connective tissue 2. location

A
  1. areolar connective tissue 2. covers individual muscle cells
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6
Q

tendons 1. made of what kind of connective tissue

  1. two locations
A
  1. cords of dense regular connective tissue 2. binds muscles to bones and muscles to skin in the face
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7
Q

aponeuroses

  1. are what
  2. two types of connection they make
A
  1. flat tendons
  2. connecting muscle to bones or muscle to muscle
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8
Q

origin of a muscle is what

A

the bone that a muscle is attached to that doesn’t move when the muscle contracts

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9
Q

insertion of a muscle is what

A

the bone (or skin in the face) that a muscle is attached to that moves when the muscle contracts

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10
Q

action of a muscle is what

A

the body movement the muscle performs when it contracts

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11
Q

motor unit

  1. is what
  2. precise movements verses coarse
A
  1. neuron and all of the skeletal muscle cells it’s wired to
  2. precise movements (like with fingers)=10 muscle cells per neuron

coarse movements (like clenching butt cheek)=100’s of muscle cells per neuron

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12
Q

sarcolemma

A

the plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle cell

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13
Q

sarcoplasm

A

the cytoplasm of a skeletal muscle cell

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14
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) 1. is what

  1. function that triggers what
A
  1. the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a skeletal muscle cell 2. store and upon electrical stimulation release calcium to trigger muscle cell contraction
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15
Q

transverse tubules (T-tubules) 1. are what

  1. function that stimulates what
A
  1. pits in the sarcolemma that extend deep into the cell 2. conduct electricity to stimulate the sarcoplasmic reticulum
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16
Q

myofibrils

  1. shape
  2. location and surrounded by what
  3. contains what
A
  1. cylindrical 2. span the length of the cell and surrounded by sarcoplasmic reticulum 3. contain the contractile proteins of the cell
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17
Q

4 contractile proteins of myofibrils

A
  1. Z discs 2. thin filaments 3. thick filaments 4. troponin-tropomyosin complex
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18
Q

Z discs 1. shape 2. function

A

1, zig-zagged shaped proteins 2. anchor the thin filaments

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19
Q

thin filaments 1. shape 2. location 3. made of

A
  1. long strand-like proteins 2. attached to Z discs 3. actin
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20
Q

thick filaments 1. shape 2. made of 3. function

A
  1. bundles of golf club looking proteins 2. myosin 3. head of club binds to the thin filaments
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21
Q

troponin-tropomyosin complex 1. location 2. function number one 3. function number two when what binds to it

A
  1. protein that wraps around the thin filaments 2. block the myosin heads from binding to the thin filaments 3. calcium binds to it causing it to fold over and expose the thin filaments to be bonded to by the myosin heads
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22
Q

1st stage of myofibril/skeletal muscle cell contraction

A

neurons on the surface of the brain (carrying electricity) are wired through the brain stem or spinal cord to a 2nd neuron

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23
Q

2nd stage of myofibril/skeletal muscle cell contraction

A

2nd neuron (carrying electricity) is wired to the sarcolemma

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24
Q

3rd stage of myofibril/skeletal muscle cell contraction

______ flows from _____ down _____ stimulating _____ to release _____ into _____

A

electricity flows from the sarcolemma down the T-tubules stimulating the SR to release calcium into the myofibrils

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25
4th stage of myofibril/skeletal muscle cell contraction \_\_\_\_\_ binds to _____ which causes _____ and expose \_\_\_\_\_to \_\_\_\_\_\_
calcium binds to the troponin-tropomyosin complex which causes it to fold over and expose the thin filaments to the myosin heads of the thick filaments
26
5th stage of myofibril/skeletal muscle cell contraction \_\_\_\_\_ bind to _____ and bend _____ which pulls on _____ which pulls \_\_\_\_\_\_
myosin heads bind to the thin filaments and bend their necks which pulls on the thin filaments which pulls the Z discs toward each other
27
6th stage of myofibril/skeletal muscle cell contraction \_\_\_\_\_ binds to _____ causing them to detach from \_\_\_\_\_
ATP binds to myosin heads causing them to detach from the thin filaments
28
7th stage of myofibril/skeletal muscle cell contraction \_\_\_\_\_\_ breaks down ______ and use the energy to \_\_\_\_\_\_
myosin heads break down ATP into ADP+P and use the energy released to recock their necks
29
if electricity continues to stimulate the cell what happens
the process of myofibril/skeletal muscle cell contraction repeats itself
30
if electricity subsides from stimulating the cell what happens \_\_\_\_\_\_ pumps _____ out of ______ back into itself causing the ______ to fold back onto ______ and the result is
the sarcoplasmic reticulum pumps calcium out of the myofibril back into itself causing the troponin-tropomyosin complex to fold back onto the thin filaments and the cell relaxes
31
isometric contraction
when a muscle cell contracts but doesn't change length EX: holding something steady
32
isotonic contraction
when a muscle cell contracts and changes length
33
2 types of isotonic contraction
1. concentric contraction 2. eccentric contraction
34
concentric contraction
muscle shortens during contraction EX: bicep shortens when raising a dumbbell during a bicep curl
35
eccentric contraction
muscle lengthens during contraction EX: bicep lengthens when lowering a dumbbell during a bicep curl
36
muscle twitch
short, sudden and weak contraction that occurs when there's a single electrical impulse activating a muscle
37
5 factors influencing force of skeletal muscle contraction
1. wave summation 2. spatial summation 3. muscle fatigue 4. size of muscle/number of myofibrils in muscle 5. cell types
38
wave summation 1. also known as 2. is what
1. temporal summation 2. a rapid series of electrical stimulations to a muscle w/out giving it time to fully relax will cause each susequent response to increase
39
Tetanic contraction 1. aka 2. what is it 3. two types
1. tetanus 2. higher frequency of electrical stimulation than wave summation results in a continuous increase in overall contraction force 3. unfused and fused tetanus
40
unfused tetanus is what
when the maximum possible muscle force from each stimulus reaches a plateau
41
fused tetanus is what
electrical stimulation at such a high frequency that the peaks and valleys of each twitch become indistinguishable
42
spatial summation
number of motor units activated more units=stronger contraction
43
muscle fatigue 1. is what 2. causes
1. decrease in contraction strength 2. lack of ATP, build up of waste, ionic imbalances
44
5 stages of ATP use and creation to sustain contractions and contraction force
1. first 5 seconds use stored ATP 2. next 10 seconds ATP from creatine phosphate system 3. next minute ATP from glycolysis 4. next 9 minutes ATP from glycolysis and aerobic respiration 5. from then on ATP from aerobic respiration
45
creatine phosphate system
creatine phosphate (CP) is a tiny protein that reacts w/ ADP to form new ATP
46
glycolysis
series of reactions that break down glucose molecules releasing energy used to combine ADP+P into ATP
47
aerobic respiration
mitochondria break down carbs, proteins and lipids to make new ATP...requires oxygen
48
muscle fatigue: 2 ways waste build up occurs and the effects
1. acids (EX: lactic acid) are formed by glycolysis and aerobic respiration interferes w/ myosin heads binding to thin filaments 2. build up of phosphate from ATP break down blocks channels that release calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum
49
muscle fatigue: ionic imbalance 1. cause 2. what it is 3. effect
1. dehydration 2. imbalance of sodium and potassium 3. inhibits ability of skeletal muscles to conduct electricity
50
3 types of skeletal muscle cells
1. fast glycolytic cells 2. slow oxidated cells 3. fast oxidative glycolytic cells
51
fast glycolytic cells 1. also known as 2. it's type of myosin does what 3. effcient at generating what via what means 4. color and for what 2 reasons 5. what type of contractions 6. location
1. fast twitch cells 2. breaks down ATP quickly 3. generating new ATP via glycolysis 4. pale due to few mitochondria and low amounts of myoglobin 5. quick and powerful contractions but muscle fatigues quickly 6. muscles of upper limbs
52
slow oxidated cells 1. also known as 2. it's type of myosin does what 3. efficient at generatind what via what means 4. color and why 5. what type of contractions 6. location
1. slow twitch 2. breaks down ATP slowly 3. generates ATP via aerobic respiration 4. red due to high amount of mitochondria and myoglobin 5. sustained contractions (not as strong as fast twitch cells) and fatigue resistant 6. trunk muscles
53
fast oxidated glycolytic cells 1. effcient at generating what via what 2 means 2. color 3. location
1. generates ATP via glycolysis and aerobic respiration 2. pink 3. lower limb muscles
54
weight training 1. induces what that stimulates what by what means 2. result 3. stimulates conversion of what kind of cell to what kind of cell
1. miscroscopic tears stimulate repair by production of new myofibrils 2. muscles/muscle cells get bigger and stronger 3. conversion of fast oxidative glycolytic cells to fast glycolytic cells
55
myoglobin
red colored protein that binds to oxygen keeping oxygen levels high in the cell
56
anabolic steroids
drugs that mimic testosterone
57
endurance exercise converts what cells to what cells
converts fast glycolytic cells to fast oxidative glycolytic cells
58
threshold stimulus is what
the lowest voltage neccesary to to get a contractile response from a muscle
59
A. epimysium B/C. perimysium covering a fascicle D/E. endomysium covering a muscle fiber
61
tendons 1. made of what kind of connective tissue 2. location
1. cords of dense regular connective tissue 2. binds muscles to bones and muscles to skin in the face
62
aponeuroses are what
flat tendons connecting muscle to bones or muscle to muscle
63
origin of a muscle is what
the bone that a muscle is attached to that doesn't move when the muscle contracts
64
insertion of a muscle is what
the bone (or skin in the face) that a muscle is attached to that moves when the muscle contracts
65
action of a muscle is what
the body movement the muscle performs when it contracts
66
flexion
decreasing the angle across a joint
67
extension
increasing the angle across a joint
68
hyperextension
increasing the angle across a joint past anatomical position which commonly leads to joint injury
69
adduction
moving a body part closer to the midline
70
abduction
moving a body part further from the midline
71
rotation
twisting movement in a half circle
72
dorsiflexion
standing on heels w/ balls of feet off the floor
73
plantar flexion
standing on balls of feet
74
agonists
muscles most responsible for producing a particular movement
75
antagonists
muscles that oppose or reverse a movement
76
synergists
aid the agonists by either assisting w/ the movement or reducing undesirable movement
77
A. orbicularis oculi B. orbicularis oris C. masseter D. temporalis E. sternocleidomastoid
78
fixators
synergists that stabalize joints
80
orbicularis oculi function
closes eye
81
orbicularis oris function
closes lips
82
masseter and temporalis function
closes jaw
83
sternocleidomastoid 2 functions
flexion of neck and rotating of head
84
pectoralis major 3 functions
flexion, adduction and medial rotation of arm
85
pectoralis minor 1. function 2. location
1. draws scapula anteriorly and inferiorly 2. deep to the pectoralis major
86
intercostals function
pull ribs towards one another
87
trapezius 4 functions
raise, rotate, retract and stabalize scapula
88
deltoid function
arm abduction
89
rectus abdominus 2 functions
flex and rotate vertebral column
90
external and internal oblique 3 functions
1 and 2. flex and rotate vertebral column 3. compress abdominal wall
91
transversus abdominus function
compress abdominal contents
92
latissimus dorsi 3 functions
extension, adduction and medial rotation of arm
93
triceps brachii function
forearm extension
94
triceps brachii 1. origin 2. insertion
1. scapula and humerus 2. olecranon process of ulna
95
biceps brachii function
forearm flexion
96
biceps brachii 1. origin 2. insertion
1. scapula 2. radius
97
A. brachialis B. extensor carpi radialis longus C. extensor digitorum
98
brachialis function
forearm flexion
99
brachialis 1. origin 2. insertion
1. humerus 2. ulna
100
A. flexor carpi radialis B. biceps brachii C. flexor digitorum superficialis
102
extensor carpi radialis longus 2 functions
extend and abduct hand
103
extensor digitorum function
extend fingers
105
A. gluteus maximus B. gluteus medius C. biceps femoris D. semimembranosus
106
A. sartorius B. gracilis C. rectus femoris D. vastus lateralis E. vastus medialis
107
flexor digitorum superficialis 2 functions
1. flex hand 2. flex phalanges 2 through 5
108
flexor carpi radialis 2 functions
flex and abduct the hand
109
gluteus maximus function
extend thigh
110
gluteus medius 2 functions (outward and inward movements)
abduct and medially rotate thigh
113
sartorius 4 functions (two outward movements)
1/2/3. flex, abduct and laterally rotate thigh 4. flex leg
114
A. gastrocnemius B. extensor digitorum longus C. tibialis anterior
115
gracilis 3 functions (2 inward movements)
1. adduct thigh 2. flex and medially rotate leg
116
rectus femoris 2 functions
1. extend leg 2. flex thigh
117
vastus lateralis 2 functions
1. extend leg 2. stabalize knee
118
vastus medialis 2 functions
1. extend leg 2. stabaliz patella
119
vastus intermedius 1. function 2. location
1. extend leg 2. deep to the rectus femoris
120
biceps femoris and semimembranosus 2 functions
1. extend thigh 2. flex leg
122
gastrocnemius function
plantar flexion
123
gastrocnemius 1. origin 2. insertion
1. femur 2. calcaneus
124
flexor digitorum longus 2 functions
1. flex toes 2. plantar flexion
125
flexor digitorum longus 1. origin 2. insertion 3. location
1. tibia 2. phalanges 3. deep to the gastrocnemius
126
extensor digitorum longus function
extend toes
127
extensor digitorum longus 1. origin 2. insertion
1. tibia/fubula 2. phalanges
128
tibialis anterior function
dorsiflexion
129
tibialis anterior 1. origin 2. insertion
1. tibia 2. metartarsal 1
130
muscle twitch
short, sudden and weak contraction that occurs when there's a single electrical impulse activating a muscle
131
wave summation 1. also known as 2. is what
1. temporal summation 2. a rapid series of electrical stimulations to a muscle w/out giving it time to fully relax will cause each susequent response to increase
132
spatial summation
number of motor units activated more units=stronger contraction
133
motor unit 1. is what 2. precise movements verses coarse
1. neuron and all of the skeletal muscle cells it's wired to 2. precise movements (like with fingers)=10 muscle cells per neuron coarse movements (like clenching butt cheek)=100's of muscle cells per neuron
134
Tetanic contraction 1. aka 2. what is it 3. two types
1. tetanus 2. higher frequency of electrical stimulation than wave summation results in a continuous increase in overall contraction force 3. unfused and fused tetanus
135
threshold stimulus is what
the lowest voltage neccesary to to get a contractile response from a muscle

A&P 1 (28 decks)

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