Chemistry Flashcards
(167 cards)
1
Q
go do Anki flashcards or review the table
A
okay
2
Q
allotropes
A
elemental molecules with different formulas like O2 vs O3
3
Q
binary acid naming
A
hydro-ic
4
Q
oxyacids
A
ate-ic, ite-ous
5
Q
unit conversion tip
A
- remember that -ve exponent in denominator changes to +
6
Q
Terra (T)
A
10^12
7
Q
Giga
A
10^9
8
Q
Mega
A
10^6
9
Q
KILO
A
10^3
10
Q
Centi
A
10^-2
11
Q
Milli
A
10^-3
12
Q
Micro
A
10^-6
13
Q
Nano
A
10^-9
14
Q
beer Lambert law
A
absorbance= constant times concentration times distance between light source and detector
** brighter the colour, higher the constant
15
Q
add__to ___
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acid to water
16
Q
heat a test tube
A
in a water bath
17
Q
transparent solution absorbance and transmission
A
0 absorbance and 100% transmission
*opaque is opposite
18
Q
greatest least sign
A
greatest then it will be the far right
least will also be far right
19
Q
empirical formula steps
A
don’t forget to divide grams by mM to get moles!
20
Q
when given percent yield or something
A
instead of using percents, just use mass itself like 100 g to 70 grams for 30% impure
21
Q
theoretical yield conversion?
A
no need to covert. can just use moles
22
Q
** always balance eqn!
A
YES
23
Q
orbitals, shape and L
A
s orbital= sphere and l=0
p orbital= dumbbell and l=1
D orbital= clover, l=2
24
Q
quantum numbers
A
n= 1,2,3 shell l= 0-n-1 (limit of 3) subshell type ml= -l, to -l orientation ms= = +1/2 and -1/2 spin
25
valence electrons
only elements in d block do d block electrons count to wards valence!
26
exceptions to electron configuration
Cr, Mo, Cu, Ag and Au
| * bump electrons to half fill
27
line spectra
each element has unique line spectra as E fall back to ground state
28
paramagnetic
"unPAIR" attracted to magnets
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diamagnetic
all paired. repelled by magnets
30
energy, frequency and wavelength
increased energy means increased frequency and less wavelength
31
Heisenberg uncertainty
impossible to determine a particle's position and momentum with accuracy
32
photoelectric effect
- if you energize a metal plate, it will eject e- when hit with enough energy
- KinE= Ephoton- (energy required to expel electron)
33
photoelectric effect eqn
- KinE= Ephoton- (energy required to expel electron)
34
compound ranking of strength (ions, molec etc.)
ionic, network covalent, metallic and then molecular
35
lattice energy
more charges and shorter bond distance is more lattice energy
36
exception o octet rule
Be, B and Al
| - third row can have many
37
bond order
count up each bond, and divide by total number of things around the center
38
isoelectronic atomic radius
more protons and less E is tightest
39
ionization energy
removing valence, and half filled is a lot!
40
electron affinity
energy released when atom gains an E=
41
hund's rule
every orbital in a certain subshell fills up with electrons before pairing
42
aufbau
electrons fill lowest energy first
43
pauli
no two electrons can have same quant #
44
K= C+
273
45
pressure is
Force/Area
46
1 atm=
760 Torr, and 760 mmHg
47
manometer
sample pushes down, then you add the pressures as its greater
48
combined gas law
PV/Nt
multiplication means inverse proportionality
49
1 mol of gas at STP in L?
22.4 L
50
R for gases
0.0821 l atm/ mol K
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STP
1 atm and 273 K
0 degrees C
52
real gas behaves ideal at
high temp and LOW pressure
53
gas density
Pressure times MM/ RT
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dalton's laws
Pa= XaPtot
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graham's law of effusion
r1/r2= sqrt M2/ M1
R1 and M2 are onTOP
56
real gas eqn corrects for
imp and volume
57
cubic body shapes
simple cubic: 1
body centred: 2
face centered: 4
58
crystallization is
going from liquid to solid
59
Hbonding
is anything with HFON
60
volatile
means substances boil quick
61
molality
moles Solute / kg solvent
62
solubility of ionic compounds
1. most group 1 metal cations, NO3, CLO4, acetate and NH4+ are SOLUBLE
2. most ag, pb, s2-, hg, co3, po4 are insoluble
* * soluble trumps insoluble
63
y's law
Pa= kh concentration
64
freezing point depression
delta Temp f=ikfm
- Molality and tf is always plus
65
boiling point elevation
delta Tb= ikbm
66
vapor pressure depression
Pa= XaPpure
Xa is percent solvent in new solution
P pure is original solvent pressuer
67
colligative properties
1. decrease vp
2. increase BP
3. freezing point depression
4. osmotic pressure
68
osmotic pressure
P = iMRT
R= 0.08
69
rate law constant units
rate is M/s and each concentration is M order rate law graph
70
integrated rate law zero graph
concentration vs time,
| slope is - k
71
integrated rate law first graph
Ln[A] vs time. slope is -K
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integrated rate law second graph
1/[A] vs time. slope is K
73
concentration vs time graphs. curved
zero: plot is line. half life decreases with [A]
first: curved. half life is independent
second: half life increases with concentration
74
rate and K, Temp, and Ae
reaction rate is directly related to its rate constant
- increasing temp means increasing rate constant and then reaction rate,
- decreasing activation energy increases K and increases rate
75
K eq
production over reactants!
76
pressure doesn't change by adding an inert gas
le chat
77
ice table tips
disregard X if 1000
| remember to SQUARE and 2x
78
Ksp tips
best to keep solubilities separate as x, makes math easy
79
precipitation qns
write out run, write out kip and see if Q/ ksp then precipitate
80
Arrhenius and bronstead and lewis
Arrhenius is Oh and H, while brown stead is H+ donor. lewis is electron donor and acceptor
81
strong bases
are Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba OH2!!
82
strongest acid?
HI is the strongest!!!
83
pH tips
when a strong acid is less than 10^-7 concentration, the pH is just 7
- more stuff means lower or higher pH based on if its basic or acidi
84
larger ka means smaller
pKa and stronger acid
85
SHORTCUT FOr PH in EQ
[H+]= sqrt of ka[HA]
[OH-]= sort of Kb [A-]
86
normality
how much can contribute Oh and O. always include in dilution
87
buffers
1:1 ratio of weak acid and conjugate base
OR
2:1 ratio of weak acid and STRONG BASE
88
changing pH can change salt solubility
salt is basic, adding acid will increase sol and acid will react with basic ion, shifting eq
89
hydrolysis of salts
neutral are all metals, and strong acid stuff.
all other cations are acids, anions are bases
90
buffer eqn
pH= pKa + log [A-]/ [HA]
or HAHAHA
91
buffers have a ph range of
+/- 1 pK
92
titration names
titrant; known
titrand is unknown
93
state function
everything except work and heat
94
laws of thermo
1. creation/ destroy of energy
2. entropy is always increasing
3. perfect crystal has zero entropy
95
enthalpy of formation vs bond
bond has a good RP
| formation is pR
96
energy and work eqna
E= P + w
W= -Pdelta V
97
convection is transfer due to
fluid
98
bomb calorimeter eqn
Q= -c delta T
99
in heat transfer questions
the two heats equal each other, not zero
100
entropy
P-R
101
draw out molecule for bond energy
yes
102
delta g negative is
spontaneous
103
delta g eqn
delta G= Delta H - T delta S
104
delta g eqn signs
- delta g is always - delta H, + S and any temp above is spontaneous
105
delta d to standard delta g
delta G= delta G not + RTlnQ
106
delta d to standard delta g with K
delta g not= -RTlnK
107
balancing redox in basic
write out full eqn, then add OH to both sides with same H+ number and turn to water
108
voltaic and galvanic cell
spontaneous )+ Ecell
anode is -ve
- salt bridge is present
109
electrolytic cell
- non spontaneous
- anode is +
- make elements!
- sea of electrons, no salt bridge
110
Aq electrolysis
water is also a factor, more positive means reaction will happen
111
top of reduction potential chart
highest reduction agent (gets ox)
112
ox and red agent
- Oxidizing agent and oxidant both refer to what is being reduced, while reducing agent and reductant both refer to what is being oxidized.
113
Nernst equation
E cell = E not - 0.06/ n logQ
n is electrons transferred
114
eq and nernst
shifting to the right, means an increase in E cell
115
electroplating formula
Time times current over n and 100,000
n is electrons transferred
116
alpha particle
4.2 He
helium is alpha
117
neutron
1.0 N
118
proton
1.1 P
hydrogen is a proton
119
beta particle
high speed E
0.-1 B
beta is bad
120
positron particle
0. +1 e
positron is positive
121
gamma particle
0.0 gamma
122
decay or fission rxn
decompose and energy
123
capture and fusion
adding and energy
124
belt of stability
first 20 elements: must have 1:1 ratio of N and P to be stable
beyond: N can exceed
** as protons increase, neutrons increase but neutrons increase FASTEr
125
see chart for radioactive deca
pg 76
126
nuclear fusion is always what order
1st order so half life is o.69/k
rate constant
127
fission
larger nuclei decay
128
fusion
small combines with large
129
binding energy formula
E= mc^2
c= 3 times 10^8
130
mass defect
nucleus weighs less than its addition of particles. this energy is binding energy
MUST convert AMU to kg!!
131
AMU to kg
1 g/ 6.02 x 10^23 and then 1 kg/ 1000 kg
132
percent yield eqn
actual/ theoretical x 100%
133
MO theory
there are 4 boxes for s, 6 boxes for P, with 2 for 2 pi and 1 for 2 sigma
134
atomic radius depends on
effective nuclear charge
135
be careful with ranking atoms and periodic trends
please
136
p and v gas law
p1v1= p2v2
137
v and t gas law
v/t = v/t
138
P and t gas law
P/t = p/t
139
combined gas law
pv/t = pv/t
140
density and gases
pressure x Molar mass/0.08 and T in K
141
higher the vapour pressure
easier to boil the liquid (lower boiling point) and more volatile it is
142
2 liquids and vapour pressure
the BP will be between them
| - more volatile is more PRESENT in compound
143
solubility OH
oh containing salts are INSOLUBLE
144
arrhenius eqn
says that if u increase temp, increase K, increase rate
decrease ea= increase K and increase rate
145
pH and solubility
decreasing pH can help solubility, think of Wa/ B
146
please write equilibrium equations carefully
products / reactants
147
convert scienfitic notation
to full numbers
148
be careful about solubility in g/l vs g/ ml
yep
149
precipitate formation
find qsp, and ksp. BALANCE EQN. write out ksp eqn over again. and multiple the products not reactants
150
oxygen and resonance
serves to delocalize E and stabilize the conjugate
151
weaker conjugate base
means more basic
152
nitrogen with three groups is always
basic
153
bomb calorimeter eqn
Q = -CT
- mass is factored in here, so u must divide by 2 to get per gram
154
entropy decreases with
temp, volume (increased pressure) or decrease in gas particles
155
heat capacity from graph
is the slope. higher slope means lower heat capacity
156
larger k means what for delta g?
more -ve delta G
157
thermo laws
1. energy 2. delta s universe is + 3. entropy approches 0 as temp approaches 0
158
oxidizing agent and oxidant
same thing
159
balancing redox
balance H20 by adding H+
160
more positive the reduction potential
the greater reduction and the better the ox agent. more likely to be reduced
the cathode is the more positive one
161
electroplating
amp up the time/ moles and F
162
what happens when N/Z ratio is too high
beta decay. produces beta particle
163
large nuclei nuclear reaction?
alpha decay. produces alpha particle
164
too low N/z ratio
positron particle is produced
165
too low N/z ratio reactant
electron capture. add -ve, so beta particle is reactant
166
increase in atomic number nuclear?
only if its -ve particle produced or added as reactant
167
MORE RIGHT in atomic radius, no matter the electrons
is always smaller
