Chemistry Concepts (Organic, Biochemistry) Flashcards
(172 cards)
1
Q
Also called paraffins
A
Alkanes
2
Q
Also called olefins
A
Alkenes
3
Q
Total carbon atoms of alkanes in gas state under ambient conditions
A
1 to 4 C atoms
4
Q
Total carbon atoms of alkanes in liquid state under ambient conditions
A
5 to 17 C atoms
5
Q
Total carbon atoms of alkanes in solid state under ambient conditions
A
≥18 C atoms
6
Q
It is the conversion of ammonium cyanate to urea
A
Wohler Synthesis
7
Q
Use of Na in dry ether to combine alkyl halides in coupling reaction
A
Wurtz synthesis
8
Q
Reaction for preparing asymmetrical ethers
A
Williamson synthesis
9
Q
How can you differentiate alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes?
A
Reaction with Br₂
10
Q
Ability of carbon to form bonds with another carbon atom
A
Catenation
11
Q
Structures wherein electrons are localized in covalent bonds
A
Lewis structures
12
Q
Structures wherein electrons are delocalized in covalent bonds
A
Resonance structures
13
Q
Every Lewis structure applicable to all movements of electrons in a molecule
A
Contributing structure
14
Q
Combination of all contributing structures that represents the true structure
A
Resonance hybrid
15
Q
Umbrella term for different compounds with the same molecular formula
A
Isomers
16
Q
Isomers that differ in atomic connectivity
A
Constitutional isomers
17
Q
Isomers that differ in spatial arrangement of atoms
A
Stereoisomers
18
Q
Stereoisomers that are mirror images of one another and are not superimposable
A
Enantiomers
19
Q
Stereoisomers which have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded elements but which are nonsuperimposable, non-mirror images
A
Diastereomers
20
Q
Compound where one atom donates both electrons
A
Coordinate covalent compound
21
Q
Phenomenon wherein a permanent dipole arises in a given molecule due to the unequal sharing of the bonding electrons in the molecule. This effect can arise in sigma bonds.
A
Inductive Effect
22
Q
Delocalization of σ electrons of C-H bond of an alkyl group directly attached to an atom of the unsaturated system or to an atom with an unshared p orbital
A
Hyperconjugation
23
Q
The instantaneous formation of a dipole in the molecule of an organic compound with multiple bonds due to the complete transfer of shared pi electron pairs to one of the atoms under the influence of an attacking reagent
A
Electromeric Effect
24
Q
Involves the intramolecular movement of sigma and pi bonds in a molecule
A
3,3-sigmatropic rearrangements
(Cope-Hardy reaction)
25
Meaning of Z-configuration in the E-Z Notational System
German zusammen meaning "together"
26
Meaning of E-configuration in the E-Z Notational System
German entgegen meaning "opposite"
27
Meaning of the R orientation in the R-S notational system
R - rectus, Latin for "right"
CW configuration
28
Meaning of the S orientation in the R-S notational system
S - sinister, Latin for "left"
CCW configuration
29
Properties affecting the stability of an alkane/alkene
In order of priority:
No. of C atoms (inversely proportional)
No. of substituents (proportional)
No. of double bonds (proportional)
30
Value of dihedral angle in gauche staggered conformation
60°
31
Value of dihedral angle in anti staggered conformation
180°
32
Solid catalysts for the hydrogenation of alkenes
Pt, Pd, Ni, Rh
33
Catalyst for dehydration of alcohols
H₂SO₄ and H₃PO₄
34
What types of alcohols prefer SN1
Secondary/tertiary alcohol
35
What types of alcohols prefer SN2?
Primary/unsubstituted alcohols
36
Product of the addition of an alcohol to an aldehyde
Hemiacetal (unstable)
37
Product of the addition of two alcohols to an aldehyde
Acetal (stable)
38
Product of adding peroxyacid to aldehydes
Carboxylic acid
39
Product of adding peroxyacid to ketones
Ester
40
Compound produced by the reaction of aldehydes and ketones with HCN
Cyanohydrin
41
Compound formed from the reaction of acids with alcohols
Esters
42
How many double bonds are in geraniol?
2
43
States that the major product of an addition reaction will bond to the more substituted alkene
Markovnikov's Rule
44
States that the major product of an addition reaction will bond to the less substituted alkene
Anti-Markovnikov's Rule
45
States that the major product of an elimination reaction will be the most stable alkene
Zaitsev's Rule
46
States that the major product of an elimination reaction will be the least stable alkene
Hoffman's Rule
47
States that the major product of a rearrangement reaction will be the most stable alkene
Baldwin's Rule
48
A center where exchanging two substituents will produce a different atom
Stereogenic center
49
Carbon atom with 4 different substituents
Chiral center
50
Achiral compounds with multiple chiral centers
Meso compounds
51
What does zero degree polarized light mean?
There are equal amounts of two enantiomers
52
Obtained by grinding up the solid and mixing it with mineral oil to form a suspension, which is placed in between AgCl, NaCl, KBr or CsI plates to obtain a good spectrum.
Nujol Mull
53
Products of hydrolysis of sucrose
1 glucose and 1 fructose
54
Disaccharide formed by a beta-glycosidic bond
Lactose
55
Carbohydrate whose structure contains an aldehyde, or a hemiacetal in equilibrium with an aldehyde which can be oxidized, with resultant reduction of the oxidizing agent
Reducing Sugar
56
Examples of reducing sugars
Maltose, Cellobiose, Lactose
57
Carbohydrate that is not oxidized by a weak oxidizing agent in basic aqueous solution.
Non-reducing Sugar
58
Example of a non-reducing sugar
Sucrose
59
Test used for the detection of reducing and non-reducing sugars. It is also used to differentiate ketone functional groups and water-soluble carbohydrates.
Fehling's Test
60
What gives a positive result in Fehling's test for sugars?
Reducing sugar
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What gives a negative result in Fehling's test for sugars?
Non-reducing sugar
62
What gives a positive result in Fehling's test for functional groups?
Water-soluble carbohydrates
63
What gives a negative result in Fehling's test for functional groups?
Ketone functional group
64
Most abundant molecule in living cells
Protein
65
What are the two essential omega-6 fatty acids?
Linoleic acid (LA) - 18:2
Arachidonic Acid (AA) - 20:4
66
What are the three essential omega-3 fatty acids?
Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) - 20:5
Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) - 22:6
Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA) - 18:3
67
Measure of unsaturation of a fatty acid
Iodine number (g iodine absorbed by 100 g fat)
68
Saturated fatty acid with 6-C chain
Caproic Acid
69
Saturated fatty acid with 8-C chain
Caprylic Acid
70
Saturated fatty acid with 10-C chain
Capric Acid
71
Saturated fatty acid with 12-C chain
Lauric Acid
72
Saturated fatty acid with 14-C chain
Myristic Acid
73
Saturated fatty acid with 16-C chain
Palmitic Acid
74
Saturated fatty acid with 18-C chain
Stearic Acid
75
Unsaturated fatty acid with 18-C chain and 1 double bond
Oleic Acid
76
Unsaturated fatty acid with 18-C chain and 2 double bonds
Linoleic Acid
77
Microorganism utilized in the production of pickles
Lactic acid bacteria
78
Organism produced by sporulation
Mold
79
Bacteria which convert alcoholic solutions to vinegar
Acetobacters
80
Type of bacteria considered to be ancient organisms such as methanogens, halobacteria, and thermoacidophiles
Archaebacteria
81
Bacteria that grow over the temperature range of 30°C to 40°C
Mesophiles
82
Time required to kill all bacteria in a particular culture at a specific temperature
Thermal death time
83
Temperature at which a microorganism is killed within a period of 10 minutes
Thermal death point (TDP)
84
A waste treatment process by which biologically active growths are continuously circulated with incoming biodegradable waste in the presence of oxygen
Activated Sludge Process
85
Biological decomposition of organic matter accompanied by the production of foul smelling products in an anaerobic condition
Putrefaction
86
Defined as the quantity of enzymes needed to transform 1.0 micromole of substrate to product per minute at 30°C and optimal pH
International Unit
87
Hormones detected in pregnancy tests
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
88
Enzyme present in the stomach
Pepsin
89
Method of synthesizing glucose for the brain during starvation
Gluconeogenesis
90
Bond between monosaccharides
Glycosidic bonds
91
Primary level of protein structure
Amino acid sequence
92
Secondary level of protein structure
Alpha helix coil or beta sheet
93
Tertiary protein structure
Protein folds
94
Quaternary structure of proteins
Polypeptide chains
95
Protein chains that are easily soluble in water, are found in enzymes, and have spherical conformation
Globular
96
Protein chains that are found as parallel polypeptide chains in long sheets, are water insoluble, tough, and stretchy
Fibrous
97
Types of inhibition
Competitive, non-competitive
98
Inhibition type where the binding site is blocked
Competitive
99
Inhibition type that changes the shape of enzyme
Non-competitive
100
Generally-accepted model for enzyme fit
Induced fit model
101
Lengths of proteins
> 50 amino acids
102
Lengths of peptides
< 50 amino acids
103
Bonds that link amino acids together
Peptide bonds
104
The only secondary amine out of the 20 amino acids
Proline
105
The only natural achiral amino acid
Glycine
106
Natural configuration of amino acids
L
107
pH where the amino acid exists as neutral, zwitterionic form
Isoelectric point
108
Separation of polar compounds based on mobility (charge and molecular mass)
Electrophoresis
109
Convention of writing peptide sequences
N-terminus to C-terminus
110
Enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of peptide bonds
Protease
111
Organic molecules/metal ions that aid enzymes in reactions
Coenzymes
112
Describe the difference between coenzyme and cofactor
Cofactor is the non-protein part of an enzyme (more generic). Coenzyme is an organic factor.
113
When the carbonyl of a monosaccharide is located at the C1 carbon
Aldose
114
When the carbonyl of a monosaccharide is located at any carbon except C1
Ketose
115
Carbohydrates with the OH group pointing to the right of the Fischer projection
D-carbohydrates
116
The simplest carbohydrate
Glyceraldehyde
117
Process of forming an equilibrium mixture of the anomers
Mutarotation
118
Carbohydrate with a missing hydroxyl group
Deoxy sugar
119
Carbohydrates with hydroxyl group replaced by amino group
Amino sugar
120
Long, straight chain saturated/unsaturated acids (C12-C20)
Fatty acids
121
Tri-esters formed from glycerol and fatty acids
Triglycerides
122
Sodium and potassium salts of fatty acids produced from the hydrolysis of glycerides
Soaps
123
Component of cell membranes with nonpolar tails and polar heads
Glycerophospholipids
124
Esters of long chain fatty acids (C16 - C36) with long chain alcohols
Waxes
125
Biological process of breaking down molecules
Catabolism
126
Biological process of building molecules
Anabolism
127
Net product of cellular respiration in # of ATP
36 or 38
128
Product of glycolysis
2 ATP + 2 pyruvates
129
Product of citric acid cycle
2 ATP (due to 2 citric acid processed)
130
Product of electron transport chain
32-34 ATP per glucose
131
Fermentation product of pyruvate in animals
Lactate
132
Net product of fermentation
2 ATP per glucose
133
Product of fermentation in plants
Alcohol and CO₂
134
Precursor of glucose for gluconeogenesis
Pyruvates
135
Efficiency of cellular respiration
39% (263 kcal/686 kcal)
136
Three subunits of nucleotides
Sugar, heterocyclic base, phosphodiester
137
Base sugar of DNA
2-deoxyribose
138
Base sugar of RNA
Ribose
139
Composed of only a sugar and base
Nucleoside
140
Composed of a sugar, base, and phosphate
Nucleotide
141
Chain of sugars and bases attached via phosphodiesters
Nucleic acids
142
Linkages between nucleotide units of nucleic acids
Phosphodiesters
143
Describe Chargaff’s Rule
A = T, C = G
144
Secondary structure of DNA
Double helix
145
Tertiary structure of DNA
Supercoils
146
Assembly of DNA coiled around protein cores called histones
Nucleosomes
147
Process of copying DNA
Replication
148
Process of reading and transferring genetic code from the DNA to mRNA
Transcription
149
Process of converting genetic code into a protein
Translation
150
Enzyme that unwinds DNA
Topoisomerase
151
Protein that unwinds the double helix DNA
Helicase
152
Enzyme that replicates DNA to produce a new strand
DNA polymerase
153
Enzyme that forms the phosphodiester bond between DNA pieces
DNA ligase
154
Describe the replication in the leading strand
Proceeds as usual in the 5’ to 3’ direction of the new strand
155
Describe the replication of the lagging strand
Synthesis of individual 5’ to 3’ fragments are done and fused together using DNA ligase
156
Strand that is copied during transcription
Antisense strand
157
Large assembly of protein and rRNA that catalyze protein and peptide biosynthesis
Ribosomes
158
Method of amplifying DNA using polymerase, dNTPs, and temperature cycling
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
159
Unhealthy types of fats
Saturated and trans fats
160
Purine bases
A/G
161
Pyrimidine bases
C/U/T
162
Stop codon
AUG
163
In which part of the body does fatty acid synthesis occur?
Cytoplasm
164
What structural characteristics do citric acid and malic acid have in common?
They are both hydroxy acids
165
Hydrocarbon derivative used as a main ingredient in automobile antifreeze
Ethylene glycol
166
Reduction of alkyl phenyl ketones to aromatic hydrocarbons using hydrazine
Wolf-Kishner Reaction
167
Other name for hexanedionic acid
Adipic acid
168
Reaction of alcohol with carboxylic acid
Esterification
169
Other name for cyclic esters
Lactones
170
Organic compound that causes banana scent
i-pentyl acetate
171
OH groups bonded to vinylic sp² hybridized carbons
Enol
172
Other name for butanoic acid
Rancid butter
