Chemistry of Life

Question 1

How do you calculate atomic number?

Answer 1

Number of protons in the nucleus; defines every element

Question 2

What is the mass number?

Answer 2

It is the sum of all protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

Question 3

What is an isotope?

Answer 3

Atom with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

Question 4

What is a radioisotope?

Answer 4

Unstable isotopes where high energy is released by radioactive decay

Question 5

What is a suspension and give an example

Answer 5

It is a mixture containing two or more components; eg. Blood

Question 6

What is a colloid and give an example

Answer 6

It is a mixture with two or more components that will not settle out if left undisturbed. Eg. Milk

Question 7

What is a solution and give an example

Answer 7

A solution is two or more components evenly distributed that will not settle out. Eg. Sugar water

Question 8

How many electrons can the valence shell hold?

Answer 8

8 electrons

Question 9

How many electrons can the innermost shell hold?

Answer 9

2 electrons

Question 10

Ionic bond

Answer 10

electrons transferred from metal to nonmetal

Question 11

Covalent bond

Answer 11

two or more nonmetals share electrons; strongest bond

Question 12

Nonpolar covalent bonds

Answer 12

similar or identical electronegativities; share electrons equally

Question 13

Polar covalent bonds

Answer 13

nonmetals with different electronegativities; share electrons unequally

Question 14

Dipoles

Answer 14

Polar molecules with partially positive and partially negative ends

Question 15

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 15

weak attractions between the partially positive end of one dipole and the partially negative end of another

Question 16

Endergonic reactions

Answer 16

requires an input of energy; products will have more energy than the reactants

Question 17

Exergonic reactions

Answer 17

releases excess energy; products will have less energy than reactants

Question 18

Oxidation

Answer 18

Loss of electrons

Question 19

Reduction

Answer 19

gains electrons

Question 20

Activation energy

Answer 20

energy that is required for all chemical reactions

Question 21

Catalyst

Answer 21

increases the reaction rate by lowering the activation energy

Question 22

Enzymes

Answer 22

biological catalysts that are highly specific for individual substrates

Question 23

Monomer

Answer 23

single subunits, combined to build larger structures (polymers)

Question 24

Dehydration synthesis

Answer 24

links molecules together; makes a molecule of water in the process

Question 25

Hydrolysis

Answer 25

uses water to break polymers into smaller subunits

Question 26

Monomer of carbohydrates

Answer 26

Monosaccharides

Question 27

Disaccharides

Answer 27

formed by two monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis

Question 28

Monomer of lipids

Answer 28

Fatty acids

Question 29

Saturated fat

Answer 29

no double bonds between carbon atoms; "saturated" with max number of hydrogen atoms

Question 30

Monounsaturated fats

Answer 30

generally liquid at room temperature; contains one double bond between two carbons

Question 31

Polyunsaturated fats

Answer 31

liquid at room temperature; contains two or more double bonds between carbons

Question 32

Monomer of proteins

Answer 32

Amino acids

Question 33

Two basic types of proteins

Answer 33

Fibrous proteins and globular proteins

Question 34

Fibrous proteins

Answer 34

mostly nonpolar amino acids; adds strength to structures

Question 35

Globular proteins

Answer 35

mostly polar amino acids; functions as enzymes, hormones, and other cell messengers

Question 36

List the four levels of protein structure

Answer 36

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

Question 37

Primary structure

Answer 37

amino acid sequence of polypeptides

Question 38

Secondary structure

Answer 38

one or more segments of primary structure folded and held together by hydrogen bonds

Question 39

Alpha helix

Answer 39

coiled spring

Question 40

Beta-pleated sheet

Answer 40

venetian blind

Question 41

Tertiary structure

Answer 41

three-dimensional shape of peptide chain; stabilized by hydrogen bonds

Question 42

Quaternary structure

Answer 42

links together more than one polypeptide chain in a specific way; critical to the function of protein

Question 43

Denaturation

Answer 43

destroying the protein's shape by heat, pH changes, or chemicals

Question 44

Monomer of nucleic acid

Answer 44

Nucleotides

Question 45

Purines

Answer 45

double ringed molecules; (A) adenine and (G) guanine

Question 46

Pyrimidines

Answer 46

Single ringed molecule; (C) cytosine, (U) uracil, (T) thymine

Question 47

RNA transcription

Answer 47

copies recipe for a specific protein

Question 48

RNA translation

Answer 48

RNA exits the nucleus to protein synthesis location

Question 49

List DNA complementary base pairs

Answer 49

A always pairs with T C always pairs with G

Question 50

List RNA complementary base pairs

Answer 50

A always pairs with U C always pairs with G

Question 51

What type of reaction is ATP synthesis?

Answer 51

Endergonic; negative charge on phosphate group

Question 52

What type of reaction is hydrolysis of ATP?

Answer 52

Exergonic; ADP is far more stable than ATP