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Biology 141; Anatomy and Physiology > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

(91 cards)

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1
Q

Anabolic Reactions

A

building reactions

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2
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

break down reactions

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3
Q

Plasma membrane

A

surrounds each cell, isolating internal structures from external structures

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4
Q

What does cytoplasm consist of?

A

Cytosol, organelles, and cystoskeleton

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5
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Amphiphilic; one part interacts with water and one part repels water

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6
Q

What are the two types of membrane proteins?

A

Integral proteins and peripheral proteins

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7
Q

Integral proteins

A

span the ENTIRE membrane; also called transmembrane proteins

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8
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

found only on one side of the membrane

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9
Q

Channel proteins

A

transmembrane that allows certain substances to cross in and out of the cell

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10
Q

Carrier proteins

A

integral proteins that bind, change shape, and directly transport substances in or out of the cell

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11
Q

Receptor proteins

A

Binds to chemical messengers and triggers a sequence of events within a cell

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12
Q

Functions of membrane proteins

A

Enzymes: Speed up chemical reactions
Structure: gives cell shape when bound to cytoskeleton
Links adjacent cells to one another to allow cell to cell communication

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13
Q

Cholesterol

A

Lipid; stabilizes plasma membrane’s fluid structure during temp changes

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14
Q

Glycolipids/Glycoproteins

A

carbohydrate bound to either lipid or proteins; identify cell as part of body (cell recognition)

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15
Q

Agonist

A

MIMICS ligand’s actions; eg. morphine will mimic the actions of endorphins

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16
Q

Antagonist

A

INHIBIT ligand’s actions; Eg. antihistamine will block receptors of histamine

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17
Q

Passive transport

A

Does not require expenditure of energy

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18
Q

Concentration gradient

A

drives many types of passive transport; will move molecules throughout until equilibrium

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19
Q

Diffusion

A

movement of molecules from high to low concentration until equilibrium

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20
Q

Simple diffusion

A

non-polar solutes pass through phospholipid bilayer without a membrane protein

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21
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

polar solutes cross the phospholipid bilayer with help of either a carrier or channel protein

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22
Q

Osmosis

A

passive process where a solvent (usually water) will move across a membrane

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23
Q

Aquaporins

A

primary route for osmosis of water; channel protein

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24
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

Causes water molecules to move until equilibrium is reached

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25
Hydrostatic pressure
force water exerts on the walls of its container
26
3 reasons that osmosis differs from diffusion
1. Osmosis requires a membrane while diffusion does not 2. Osmosis is reversible wile diffusion is not 3. Solute movement can be predicted in diffusion, while in osmosis solvents movement cannot
27
Tonicity
way to compare osmotic pressure gradients between two solutions
28
Hypertonic
solute concentration is higher outside the cell, more water outside the cell, water will be pulled out of the cell
29
Hypotonic
Solute concentration is lower than inside the cell, more water outside the cell, water will be pulled into the cell
30
Crenation
Cell shrinkage
31
Lysis
Cell swells and possibly ruptures
32
Active transport
requires energy (ATP) to move solutes against the concentration gradients
33
Three types of pumps in plasma membrane
Uniport: Single substance transport in one direction Symport: Two or more substances transport in same direction Antiport: Two or more substances transport in opposite directions
34
Primary active transport
Sodium-potassium pump; maintains steep concentration gradients
35
Secondary active transport
uses ATP to maintain a concentration gradient of one substance; moving a substance down a gradient provides energy to move another against a gradient
36
Vesicles
Small sacs filled with large molecules too big to transport by other means
37
Endocytosis and its basic types
fluid, molecules taken into the cell; two basic types are phagocytosis and pinocytosis
38
Phagocytosis
cells ingest large particles like bacteria or dead/damaged parts of a cell
39
Pinocytosis
Cells engulf fluid droplets
40
Exocytosis
large molecules will exit the cell (secretion)
41
Transcytosis
molecules brought into a cell, transported across the cell, and then secreted
42
Mitochondria
"Power plant" of the cell; provides a majority of ATP; its membrane is a double bilayer, smooth on the outside and highly folded on the inside (cristae)
43
Peroxisomes
membrane bound, use oxygen to oxidize molecules; breaks down fatty acids into smaller molecules and removes toxins like alcohol in liver and kidneys
44
Ribosomes
site of protein synthesis; nonmembrane bound organelle
45
Endoplasmic reticulum
large folded bilayer continuous with nuclear envelope; RER contains ribosomes and SER does not
46
RER
Packages proteins into transport vesicles and sends to Golgi
47
SER
has no role in protein synthesis; stores calcium and detoxifies reactions
48
Golgi apparatus
between the RER and plasma membrane; proteins made from ER are packaged for export in Golgi, either secreted or sent to lysosomes
49
Lysosomes
responsible for digestion of worn out cell components (trash man)
50
Cytoskeleton
gives cell its shape and size; allows for cell movement
51
Actin filaments
thinnest filament, provides structure and involved in cell motion
52
Intermediate filaments
form framework of the cell, anchors organelles in place
53
Microtubules
largest filaments; maintains internal architecture of cell, keeps organelles in alignment
54
Microvilli
Finger-like extension of plasma membrane with actin filament core (help maintain shape)
55
Cilia
Hair-like projections that move in unison to propel substances past cells
56
Flagella
Solitary (longer than cilia) found only on sperm cells to move the entire cell (like a flipper)
57
Nucleus
houses the DNA in a cell for nearly every protein in the body
58
Nuclear envelope
membrane that surrounds nucleoplasm
59
Chromatin
one long DNA molecule
60
Chromosomes
Tightly coiled threaded and condensed chromatin
61
Sister chromatids
identical copies of each chromosome made in preparation of cell division
62
Centromere
Connects sister chromatids
63
Gene
long chain of nucleotides; determines amino acid sequence
64
Anticodon
one one end of tRNA, complementary sequence to codon of mRNA
65
Codon
sequence of nucleotides in mRNA
66
Initiation (Transcription)
beginning of transcription; DNA unwinds with help of helicase enzyme
67
Elongation (Transcription)
RNA covalently bonds to complementary nucleotides
68
Termination (Transcription)
when last triplet of gene is reaches and pre-mRNA is ready for modification
69
A site
binds to incoming tRNA
70
P site
amino acid is removed from tRNA and added to peptide chain;
71
E site
empty tRNA will exit the ribosome and is free to pick up another amino acid
72
Initiation (Translation)
tRNA binds to mRNA start codon at P site
73
Elongation (Translation)
next tRNA binds to to open A site and allows amino acids to be linked by peptide bond
74
Termination (Translation)
end of translation, when ribosome reaches stop codon, peptide is released
75
Interphase
3 sub-phases: 1. G1 phase 2. S phase 3. G2 phase
76
G1 phase
cell performs normal metabolic activities and prepares for the next phase
77
S phase
DNA synthesis occurs before proceeding to next phase
78
G2 phase
cellular growth, proteins for cell division are produced and centrioles are duplicated
79
Helicase
separates DNA strands
80
Primase
builds RNA primer on DNA strands
81
DNA polymerase
adds nucleotides to RNA primer; proceeds in opposite direction as helicase separates the strands
82
M phase
cell division (mitosis and cytokinesis)
83
Interphase
Nuclear envelope encloses the nucleus, centriole pairs duplicate
84
Prophase
Chromatin becomes compact; each individual chromosome has 2 chromatids, nucleolus disintegrates and mitotic spindle forms
85
Metaphase
Longest phase; spindle fibers from opposite poles pull sister chromatids into the equator of the cell
86
Anaphase
Sister chromatids pull towards opposite poles; individual chromosomes are now called daughter chromosomes
87
Telophase
Final stage; daughter cell separates, nuclear envelope is reformed and chromosomes will uncoil back to chromatin
88
Cytokinesis
divides cytosol and organelles between two new daughter cells
89
Apoptosis
programmed cell death
90
Benign
tumor is confined to original location
91
Malignant
tumor and cells metastasize (spread) and may grow extremely large

Biology 141; Anatomy and Physiology (3 decks)

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