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Nursing 104 > chemistry part-3 > Flashcards

chemistry part-3 Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

explain chemical reaction

A
  • Where a material changes into another material
  • one chemical reaction can involve multiple changes
  • Where atoms are rearranging themselves into different structures.
  • Chemical reactions can be reversible or irreversible.
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2
Q

chemical reaction definition

A

An interaction that results in a change of bonding between atoms

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3
Q

combination reaction

A

where two or more substances combine to form a single substance. a+b =ab
ex: haemoglobin + oxygen = oxyhemoglobin

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4
Q

Decomposition/dissociation reactions

A

breakdown of one substance to produce two or more products. ab = a + b
ex: HCL (hydrogen chloride) H + Cl
NaCl (sodium Chloride) Na + Cl

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5
Q

Displacement reaction

A

displacement of less reactive element by a more reactive element.
ex: k+ calcium sulphonate => Ca2+ potassium polystyrene sulphonate

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6
Q

Partner exchange

A

its double displacement.
AB+CD => AD+CB
BaCl2 + Li2SO4 => BaSo4 + LiCl
in the body: taking anti-acid to stop heartburn - pain from HCL produced in the stomach.

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7
Q

Redox: oxidation-reduction reaction

A

always happen together (like an organ donor and recipient)

  • oxidation is the gaining of bond and loss of electrons
  • reduction is the gaining of electrons. (often hydrogen)
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8
Q

Redox: oxidation-reduction reaction example

A

ex: rusting

iron + water + air = rust

oxidation reaction: iron loses electron
reduction reaction: oxygen gains electron

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9
Q

Redox: oxidation-reduction reaction example in the body

A

breaking down glucose to produce energy (ATP) - through digestion.
Food reacts with oxygen in the body to form carbon dioxide and water. Energy is also released in the process.

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10
Q

Enzyme other name

A

biological catalysts

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11
Q

what is enzyme?

A

substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed itself by reaction.
- highly specific to one substance or closely related substances.

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12
Q

how does enzyme works?

A

lock and key mechanism.

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13
Q

Name the carbohydrate digestion enzymes

A

Salivary amylase
Pancreatic amylase
Maltase

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14
Q

Salivary amylase

Type:
produced in :
site of release
PH level

A

T: Carbohydrate digestion
p: salivary glands
s: mouth
Ph: Neutral

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15
Q

Pancreatic amylase

Type:
produced in :
site of release
PH level

A

T: Carbohydrate digestion
p: Pancreas
s: small intestine
Ph: Basic

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16
Q

Maltase

Type:
produced in :
site of release
PH level

A

T: Carbohydrate digestion
p: small intestine
s: small intestine
Ph: Basic

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17
Q

Name the Protein digestion enzymes

A
  • Pepsin
  • Trypsin
  • Peptidases
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18
Q

Pepsin

Type:
produced in :
site of release
PH level

A

T: Protein digestion
p: Gastric glands
s: Stomach
Ph: Acidic

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19
Q

Trypsin

Type:
produced in :
site of release
PH level

A

T: Protein digestion
p: Pancreas
s: small intestine
Ph: Basic

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20
Q

Peptidases

Type:
produced in :
site of release
PH level

A

T: Protein digestion
p: small intestine
s: small intestine
Ph: Basic

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21
Q

Name the Nucleic Acid digestion enzymes

A
  • nuclease

- nucleotides

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22
Q

Nuclease

Type:
produced in :
site of release
PH level

A

T: Nucleic Acid digestion
p: Pancreas
s: small intestine
Ph: Basic

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23
Q

nucleotides

Type:
produced in :
site of release
PH level

A

T: Nucleic Acid digestion
p: Pancreas
s: small intestine
Ph: Basic

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24
Q

Name the Fat digestion enzymes

A

Lipase

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25
Lipase Type: produced in : site of release PH level
T: Fat digestion p: Pancreas s: small intestine Ph: Basic
26
Organic chemistry definition
The study of carbon compounds and their properties. OR Compound containing a carbon and hydrogen bond. .... with the exception of carbon monoxide, co carbon dioxide, co2 carbonate ions, co32-
27
Is Organic chemistry and Natural organic same thing?
no
28
Natural organic is about...
perceived toxicity and not about carbon compound and their properties
29
is all natural organic products are safe?
no
30
What is NOT allowed in organic chemistry but allowed in natural organic
``` Toxic pesticides GMOs Antibiotics Growth hormone Sluge abd irradiation ```
31
what does organic chemistry include
- Restricted allowable material - inspection & certification required - farm to table record keeping - lower level of environmental pollution - cows on pasture for pasture season - animal welfare requirement
32
Inorganic chemistry definition.
study of compound that do not contain carbon.
33
in inorganic chemistry you deal with...
synthesis and behaviour of inorganic and organometallic compounds
34
Aromatic compounds
- contain a benzene ring with 6 carbons in a ring with alternating double bonds - less reactive so greater stability - always unsaturated
35
Aliphatic compounds
- open chain of carbon atoms, can be cyclic - can have mix of single (saturated), double or triple bonds(unsaturated) between them - most often single bond
36
Alkanes
it's an aliphatic compound containing only hydrogen and carbon in a single chain. - they are saturated - has suffix 'ane' at the end ex: methane
37
Alkenes
Aliphatic compound containing at least one carbon to carbon double bond. ex: ethane/ethylene
38
is Alkenes unsaturated or saturated?
unsaturated | - known also as olefines
39
Alkenes also known as..
olefines
40
what is more reactive? Alkanes or Alkenes
Alkenes
41
Alkynes
Aliphatic unsaturated compound containing at least one carbon to carbon triple bond. Triple bonds are more active
42
where do you find Alkynes
in crude oil and natural gas in small amount | - part of some drug: a sleeping medicine
43
Alcohol
Organic compound in which the hydroxyl (OH) functional group is bound to a carbon.
44
Types of alcohol?
- Isopropyl - methyl - ethyl
45
Isopropyl
- used widely as a cleaning agent - to dissolve oil - clean skin- skin swabs (kills microbes)
46
Methyl
- part of methyl salicylate-flavour in chewing gum, mints and mouthwashes.
47
Ethyl alcohol
- ingredients of many alcohol beverages: beer, wine, spirits - rubbing alcohol - hand sanitiser
48
other names of Glycerol
glycerine, glycerin
49
An alcohol that has more than one hydroxyl (OH) group
Glycerol
50
Properties of glycerol
- colourless - orderless - viscous liquid - sweet tasting - low toxicity
51
use of glycerol
- used as laxative rectally - Can be used intravenously to reduce pressure inside the brain OR for reducing brain volume for neurosurgical procedures - sometimes in eye to reduce fluid in cornea before examining the eye. - some apply to moisten the skin.
52
Aldehydes
- Contain a functional group with the structure −CHO, - consists of a carbonyl center (a carbon double-bonded to oxygen) - the carbon atom also bonded to hydrogen and to an R group, (any generic alkyl or side chain). e. g. formaldehyde (urea - a product)
53
use of Aldehydes
- tanning - preserving - perfumes - have a oder profile - cosmetic products - dyes - embalming - germicide, fungicide, insecticide for plants and veg
54
byproduct of breakdown of fat (fatty acid) is called____
Ketones = ketone bodies
55
name of the hormones that prevent ketone level in the blood from getting too high
insulin, glucagon
56
low to moderate ketone level
0.6 to 1.5 mmol/L
57
High level of ketone
1.6 to 3.0 mmol/L
58
when does ketone level rise?
when you don't have enough insulin to turn glucose into energy
59
Where can you find ketone or example of it
aceton - nail polish remover
60
Carboxylic acid
- Contain carboxyl group (R-COOH) | - very important biologycally
61
What does R refers to in Carboxylic acid (R-COOH)
rest of the molecule - R can be large
62
Examples of Carboxylic acid
- Amino acids and acetic acid(5-20% of vinegar) - aspirin and ibuprofen - lactic acid - oxalic acid - ascorbic acid... etc
63
where does Amines derived from
Ammonia by replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by organic groups. ex: adrenaline
64
Amines
- synthesized by microbial, vegetable and animal metabolisms - produced in many different tissues - are transmitted locally or via the blood system - ex: adrenaline (adrenal medulla) - histamine (mast cells and liver) - serotonin (neurotransmitter- sleep/mood/appetite/sexuality) - dopamine (neurotransmitter- motivation, reward, addiction, behavioral reinforcement, and coordination of bodily movement –loss - Parkinson’s.
65
Rules when drawing chemical structures
- Carbon atoms not shown. Assumed to be where two lines meet. - Hydrogen atoms not shown. Assign H until carbon has valency of 4. - Atoms other than H or C will be shown.
66
Suffixe of Alcohol
-ol or -hydroxy
67
Suffixe of Aldehyde
-al
68
Suffixe of ketone
-one
69
Suffixe of carboxylic acid
-oic acid
70
Suffixe of amine(nitrogen)
-amino or -amide
71
Suffixe of Thiol(sulfur)
-thio, sulfo or mercapto
72
What is suffix in organic compound
represent functional group
73
What is parent in organic compound
represent number of carbon on main chain
74
What is prefix in organic compound
represent branches of main chain
75
Paracetamol is also knows as
- APAP - Tylenol - Acetaminophen
76
NH2 stands for
Amine
77
S stands for
sulfide
78
OH stands for
Benzene

Nursing 104 (9 decks)

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