Nutrition and energy

Question 1

role of digestive system

Answer 1

The food that we eat or drink gets converted into substnaces so that it can be easily absorbed by intestinal tract and utilised.

Question 2

Main site of digestion is _______

Answer 2

Gastrointestinal (digestive) tract

Question 3

Role of enzyme is to_____

Answer 3

Speed up chemical reaction

Question 4

list of organs that are included in digestive system

Answer 4

1. mouth and salivary glands
2. pharynx
3. Oesophagus
4. Stomach
5. liver
6. gall bladder
7. pancreas
8. small intestine
9. large intestine
10. anus

Question 5

Role of month and salivary glands in digestive system

Answer 5

• Chew food
• Mixes food with saliva
• Taste perception
• Release first digestive enzyme (salivary amylase) to begin to break down starch.

Question 6

Role of pharynx in digestive system

Answer 6

• Moves food from mouth to oesophagus

- Epiglottis directs food and air into correct pathways

Question 7

Role of oesophagus in digestive system

approx. 25cm long

Answer 7

• Moves food to the stomach peristaltic movement (swallow)

- Oesophageal sphincter prevents reflex if stomach content to oesophagus (prevent food from comping up)

Question 8

Role of stomach in digestive system

1L capacity food remains for 2-3 hours

Answer 8

• Stores, mixes, dissolves food, add acid (kills micro-organisms)
• Enzymes (pepsin: protein digestion) and fluid produces intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption.
• Regularly empties dissolved food into small intestine.

Question 9

Role of liver in digestive system

Answer 9

• Produce bile salt to help with digestion and absorption.

Question 10

Role of gall bladder in digestive system

Answer 10

Stores and concentrate bile and release when needed.

Question 11

Role of pancreas in digestive system

Answer 11

• Produces enzymes that digest carbohydrate, protein and fats.
• Release bicarbonate to neutralise the acidic, partially digested food (chyme) as it moves from the stomach to the small intestine.

Question 12

Role of small intestine in digestive system

approx. 3.1 m long. food remains for 3-10 hours

Answer 12

• Secrets enzymes that digest the macronutrients into smaller nutrients particles.
• Intestinal cells absorb nutrients into the blood stream and lymph.

Question 13

Role of large intestine in digestive system

approx. 1.1 m long. food remains for up to 72 hours

Answer 13

• Absorbs water, sodium and potassium.
• Pass waste (unabsorbed nutrients, insoluble fibres, bacteria)
• Produces some vitamins (i.e. vitamin K) and short chain fatty acids

Question 14

Role of anus in digestive system

Answer 14

• Eliminate waste from the rectum.

- Holds rectum closed.

Question 15

The nutrients that gives energy are called _______.

list them.

Answer 15

Macronutrients

• Carbohydrate
• Protein
• Fats

Question 16

The nutrients that doesn’t not give energy are called _______.
list them.

Answer 16

Micronutrients

• Vitamins
• Mineral
• Water
• Fibres

Question 17

What are the classification of carbohydrate?

Answer 17

• simple and complex.

Question 18

Proteins definition.

Answer 18

proteins are building blocks, amino acids which are involved in many processes in our body.

Question 19

______ macronutrient supply the most energy per gram.

Answer 19

Fat

Question 20

classes of fats

Answer 20

• Triglycerides (oil, fats)
• Phospholipids
• Sterols

Question 21

minerals can be bound by substances that interfere with ____

Answer 21

absorption

Question 22

is fibre s nutrient?

Answer 22

no

Question 23

fibre is essential for ____

Answer 23

gut health and functions.

Question 24

1 g of carb = ____ KJ or ____ kcal

Answer 24

17 KJ

4 kcal

Question 25

1 g of protein = ____ KJ or ____ kcal

Answer 25

17 KJ | 4 kcal

Question 26

1 g of fat = ____ KJ or ____ kcal

Answer 26

37 KJ | 9 kcal

Question 27

the energy released from carbs, protein or fat is m assured in ____ or ____

Answer 27

``` joules (KJ) or calories (kcal) ```

Question 28

______ describes the energy yield from the macronutrients

Answer 28

nutrient density

Question 29

Example of water-soluble vitamins

Answer 29

- vitamin c | - 8 types of vitamin b including B12 and folate.

Question 30

role of water soluble vitamins

Answer 30

- promote growth, reproduction and maintenance. - enhances or inhibit absorption. - they are vulnerable to degradation. - absence = deficiency

Question 31

example of fat-soluble vitamins.

Answer 31

- vitamin A,D E & K

Question 32

____ helps with absorption of fat soluble vitamins?

Answer 32

bile

Question 33

vitamins that are insoluble in gastrointestinal secretions

Answer 33

fat-soluble vitamin.

Question 34

excess fat-soluble vitamin gets stored in the ______

Answer 34

liver and adipose

Question 35

Fat soluble vitamins are

Answer 35

not readily excreted. the body maintain concentration in the blood.

Question 36

example of minerals

Answer 36

sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulphate.

Question 37

is water soluble vitamins organic or inorganic?

Answer 37

organic

Question 38

is minerals inorganic?

Answer 38

yes

Question 39

__ minerals are essential?

Answer 39

16

Question 40

____ can be lost during food refining or cooking

Answer 40

minerals

Question 41

name the simple carbohydrate

Answer 41

- Monosaccharides | - Disaccharides

Question 42

name the complex carbohydrate

Answer 42

- Polysaccharides

Question 43

______ combine to form a _____ in simple carbohydrate.

Answer 43

Monosaccharides combine to form a Disaccharides

Question 44

examples of simple carbohydrate found in the food.

Answer 44

- Sucrose (glucose, fructose) found in table sugar. - Maltose (glucose, glucose) produced by starch breakdown. - Lactose (glucose, galactose) found in milk.

Question 45

examples of complex carbohydrate found in the food.

Answer 45

- Starch (Amylose, amylopectin) made in plants. - Fibre (pectins, cellulose) indigestible by humans - Glycogen, made in animals. stored in liver and muscle.

Question 46

mono = ___ sugar

Answer 46

1 sugar and can not be broken down into a more simpler sugar.

Question 47

______ have a same number of atoms, but different arrangement which results in different level of sweetness.

Answer 47

- glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 48

____ is one of the two sugar in every disaccharide. essential energy source and commonly known as blood sugar.

Answer 48

glucose

Question 49

____ is the sweetest sugar

Answer 49

fructose

Question 50

____ type of sugar occurs naturally in few foods

Answer 50

galactose

Question 51

glucose, fructose, galactose. are they di or monosaccharides?

Answer 51

mono

Question 52

maltose is a by product of _____

Answer 52

starch breakdown.

Question 53

_____ is the main carbohydrate found in the milk

Answer 53

Lactose

Question 54

carbohydrate are put to gather this reaction is called____

Answer 54

condensation

Question 55

carbohydrate are broken apart, this reaction is called ____

Answer 55

hydrolysis

Question 56

in complex carbohydrate medium chain is known as___

Answer 56

oligosaccharides

Question 57

in complex carbohydrate long chain is known as___

Answer 57

polysaccharides

Question 58

starch that is unbraced is know as a ____

Answer 58

amylose

Question 59

starch that is branched is known as ___

Answer 59

amylopectin

Question 60

is glycogen branched or unbranched

Answer 60

branched

Question 61

body stores glucose as ____

Answer 61

glycogen

Question 62

cellulose is known as a ___

Answer 62

non strach polysaccharides

Question 63

explain soluble fibre

Answer 63

they dissolve in water, foes gels (viscous) | - easily digested by gut bacteria in the colon (fermentation)

Question 64

benefit of soluble fibre

Answer 64

protection against heart disease & diabetes by lowering cholesterol and blood glucose levels.

Question 65

explain insoluble fibre

Answer 65

- it does not dissolve the in water and doe not form gels (non-viscous) - not as readily fermented

Question 66

benefit of insoluble fibre

Answer 66

promotes healthy bowel movements and prevents constipation

Question 67

Explain resistance starch

Answer 67

- behaves like dietary fibre. | - not digested or absorbed in the small intestine

Question 68

what is the recommended intake of carbohydrate for pre-schooler children and adults? in servings

Answer 68

pre-schooler : 4 servings children : 5 servings adults: 6 servings

Question 69

NZ Dietary Guidelines recommend for carbohydrate: ____ g women ____g men

Answer 69

25g | 30g

Question 70

carbohydrate provide approx. ___ to ___ %total energy intake

Answer 70

45-64%

Question 71

most glucose absorption take place into _____

Answer 71

small intestine

Question 72

transport type of glucose and galactose is___

Answer 72

active

Question 73

transport type of fructose is___

Answer 73

passive

Question 74

_____ rise water in blood glucose? 1. glucose 2. galactose 3. fructose 4. both 1.2

Answer 74

answer = 4. both 1.2

Question 75

Unbranched starch (amylose) are digested slower than branched chains (amylopectin). true/false?

Answer 75

true

Question 76

Branched chain starches have less sites for enzymes to act on and release glucose. true/false?

Answer 76

false

Question 77

symptoms of carbohydrate malabsorption.

Answer 77

- gas - acids - abdominal pain - gut irritation - bolting - nausea