Chemistry/ Trace Elements

Question 1

Molecule

Answer 1

When two atoms join togetherness

Question 2

Compounds

Answer 2

A molecule with at least two different atoms

Question 3

Isotopes

Answer 3

Same number of protons, but different number of neutrons

Question 4

Factors driving chemical reactions

Answer 4

Movement of electrons

Molecular size, shape and polarity

Temperature

Question 5

Ionic bond

Answer 5

Transfer of electrons between atoms (Electrostatic attraction)

Question 6

Covalent bond

Answer 6

Electrons shared between atoms

Question 7

Electronegativity

Answer 7

The strength of an atom to attract electrons based on how shielded the positive nucleus is

Question 8

Cation

Answer 8

When they lose electrons

Question 9

Anion

Answer 9

When they gain electrons

Question 10

5 electrolytes?

Answer 10

Na+

Cl-

Mg2+

Ca2+

K+

Question 11

Polar molecules

Answer 11

Electrons are NOT equally shared

Hydrophilic

Different EN

Question 12

Non polar molecules

Answer 12

Electrons are EQUALLY shared

Hydrophobic (water fearing)

Similar EN

Question 13

Why do atoms form ions?

Answer 13

To gain a full valence shell of electrons

Question 14

Consequences of an IV injection of oil

Answer 14

Oil does not mix with blood

Are not of similar polarity

Blood clot

Question 15

Organic chemistry is…

Answer 15

The study of carbon compounds and their properties or compounds containing a carbon hydrogen bond

Question 16

What are halides?

Answer 16

Anions of the group 17 elements

Question 17

Hypernatremia and its symptoms

Answer 17

Excess of sodium in blood

Symptoms:

Thirsty
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
Fever

Question 18

Concentration is…

Answer 18

Amount of stuff in a bigger stuff

Solute/ Solvent=

Question 19

Concentration Volume percentage

Answer 19

Volume percent= mass of solute/volume of solution x 100

Question 20

Dose mg/kg calculation

Answer 20

Amount to administer= weight x dose
———————
Dose strength

Question 21

Therapeutical effect depends on the…

Answer 21

Concentration

Question 22

Trace elements : Iron Fe 2+ and Ferric 3+

Answer 22

Iron has a key role in the metabolism of all animals

Most abundant mineral

Iron is absorbed in first section of SI (duodenum)

Those who are deficient, absorb 10-20%

Question 23

Iron is stored in the body in two forms:

Answer 23

Ferritin

Haemosiderin

Question 24

T or F, Iron is transported in the plasma by transferrin the iron transport protein

Answer 24

True

Question 25

What is liver essential for?

Answer 25

Normal iron homeostasis in the body. Regulates iron movement through HEPICIDIN

Question 26

Roles of Iron:

Answer 26

Needed for red blood cells to form haemoglobin Haemoglobin carries oxygen to all body tissues Levels of iron tightly regulated

Question 27

What is the daily requirement for Iron?

Answer 27

18 mg/day women 19-50 years old

Question 28

Factors which decrease Iron absorption

Answer 28

Diarrhoea Melasorbtion syndromes Phosphates Phytate

Question 29

Zinc (Zn)

Answer 29

Helps maintain structure integrity of proteins Regulates gene expression Reduces tumour growth Abundant in nervous system

Question 30

What is the daily requirement of Zinc?

Answer 30

Adult women: 8/mg a day Adult men: 14mg/ day

Question 31

Factors influencing absorption of Zn

Answer 31

High phytate content of diet blunts Zn significantly The GI tract maintains homeostasis of whole body Zinc content

Question 32

Zinc deficiency leads to:

Answer 32

Growth retardation Delayed puberty Immune dysfunction Alopecia (hair loss) Photophobia (night blindness)

Question 33

Selenium

Answer 33

A good electric conductor Antioxidant Important to immune systems A catalyst for production of active thryroid hormone

Question 34

What does fluid do?

Answer 34

Facilitates metabolism Lubrication Temperature regulation Transport nutrition Blood pressure

Question 35

What are the two major fluid components in the body?

Answer 35

Intracellular (ICF 28L) Extracellular (14L)

Question 36

What are the four ECF compartments?

Answer 36

Intravascular Interstitial Lymph Transcellular

Question 37

What is a solute?

Answer 37

Substances dissolved in solution

Question 38

What are non electrolytes?

Answer 38

Urea, glucose, protein, createrine

Question 39

What is an electrolyte?

Answer 39

Substances whose molecules dissociate or split into ions when placed in water

Question 40

What is osmotic pressure?

Answer 40

Power of solution to draw h20 through selectively permeable membrane