Digestion And Absorption Of Carbohydrates, Proteins And fat

Question 1

Carbohydrates and dietary sources:

Answer 1

Simple

Complex

Question 2

Simple carbohydrates:

Answer 2

Monosaccharides (1 sugar)

Disaccharide (2 sugars joined)

Question 3

Complex carbohydrates

Answer 3

Oligosaccharides ( chain of sugars)

Polysaccharides ( many sugars joined)

Question 4

Monosaccharides:

Answer 4

Glucose

Fructose

Lactose

Question 5

Disaccharides:

Answer 5

Sucrose

Lactose

Maltose

Question 6

Sucrose is made up of

Answer 6

Glucose and fructose

Question 7

Lactose is made up of

Answer 7

Glucose and galactose

Question 8

Maltose is made up of

Answer 8

Glucose and glucose

Question 9

Polysaccharides

Answer 9

Glycogen stored glucose in liver and skeletal muscle

Question 10

What does carbohydrate do?

Answer 10

Provide immediate energy

Provide shorter term energy stores

Question 11

Glucose is used to produce…

Answer 11

ATP

Question 12

Excess glucose is stored as… and where?

Answer 12

As glycogen in liver and skeletal muscles

Question 13

Proteins are made up of…

Answer 13

Amino acids

Question 14

What are complete proteins?

Answer 14

Have all the eight essential amino acids for cells to make proteins

Question 15

What are incomplete proteins?

Answer 15

Do not have all eight essential amino acids

Question 16

Amino acids structural:

Answer 16

In muscles

Actin and myosin

Question 17

Amino acids functional:

Answer 17

Enzymes, hormones, globulins, transport proteins

Question 18

What happens to excess amino acids?

Answer 18

They are converted to fatty acids and stored in adipose cells

Question 19

What are the different types of fats/lipids?

Answer 19

Triglycerides

Phospholipids

Cholesterol

Fat soluble vitamins

Question 20

What are triglycerides?

Answer 20

Consists of a glycerol molecule and three fatty acids

Question 21

What are fatty acids?

Answer 21

Long chains of carbon atoms joined together

Question 22

What are saturated fats?

Answer 22

Bad cholesterol

Question 23

What are unsaturated fats?

Answer 23

Good cholesterol

Question 24

What is cholesterol formed from?

Answer 24

Acetyl CoA

Question 25

What is cholesterol used to make?

Answer 25

Steroids Bile salts

Question 26

What are phospholipids used for?

Answer 26

Cell membranes

Question 27

Fat soluble vitamins

Answer 27

A, E, K

Question 28

What are prostoglandins?

Answer 28

Local hormones

Question 29

What are Leukotrienes

Answer 29

Allergic and inflammatory responses

Question 30

What are lipoproteins?

Answer 30

They carry lipids through body fluids Made up of a protein outer layer and a lipid core Classified according to increasing density

Question 31

Types of lipoproteins formed in S.I

Answer 31

Chylomicrons VLDL- Saturated LDL- Saturated HDL- Unsaturated

Question 32

LDL- LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL carries cholesterol to___

Answer 32

Peripheral target cells for cell membrane, steroids and bile salt synthesised

Question 33

High levels of LDL

Answer 33

Cholesterol initiate atherosclerotic plaque formation in the arteries leading to cardiovascular disease

Question 34

Digestion and absorption of Carbohydrates

Answer 34

Carbohydrates > Monosaccharides > bloodstream

Question 35

Digestion and absorption of proteins

Answer 35

Proteins > amino acids > blood stream

Question 36

Digestion and absorption of Lipids

Answer 36

Lipids> fatty acids> lymph > blood stream

Question 37

Absorption of glucose, fructose and galactose

Answer 37

1: Absorbed through brush border cells in SI 2: Interstitial are 3: Into hepatic portal bloodstream 4: Liver 5: Bloodstream 6: Other cells for use and storage

Question 38

Digestion and absorption of proteins

Answer 38

1- Mixed w saliva in Oral cavity 2- Chemical digestion in stomach w pepsin 3- Most chemical digestion is in SI from pancreatic proteases 4- Actively transported into epithelial cells in SI 5- Similar mechanism to glucose 6- Some glucose is co transported with Na+

Question 39

Digestion of Lipids

Answer 39

1- Oral cavity w saliva 2- Some chemical bonds broken down in stomach due to acid environment 3- In SI, TAGs are emulsified by bile salts called Micelles 4- Most chemical digestion takes place in SI from lipase produced im pancreas

Question 40

Absorption of lipids

Answer 40

Lipids are absorbed by simple diffusion through epithelial cells of SI Reformed into TAGs Lymph system empties into thoracic ducts and enters bloodstream through left subclavian vein

Question 41

Where is the excess fatty acids stored in?

Answer 41

Adipose tissue