CHEMLAB M1 Flashcards
(78 cards)
1
Q
Used to prevent or minimize exposure to hazards
A
PPE
2
Q
- Prevents contaminants from being shed
- Protects the body against harmful chemicals
- Must be worn INSIDE the lab; must be removed when OUTSIDE the lab
A
Lab Gown
3
Q
- Eye wear protection against harmful chemicals that could cause eye irritation
- Are recommended any time a splash of chemicals or infectious substances could reach the eyes
A
Goggles
4
Q
- Protection against inhalation of strong fumes that could cause airway suffocation and irritation
A
Face Mask
5
Q
- Fluid resistant and provides the wearer protection against large droplets, splashes, or sprays of bodily or other hazardous chemical fluids.
- Protects patient from wearer’s respiratory emissions.
- Commonly available and cheaper; Nose wire for better fit
A
disposable/surgical mask
6
Q
- Reduces wearer’s exposure to particles including small particle aerosols and large droplets (only non-oil aerosols)
- Filters out at least 95% of airborne particles including large and small particle
A
N95 mask
7
Q
- Prevents skin contamination from toxic substances that can cause burns and irritation.
- Common: Latex and Nitrile
A
gloves
8
Q
Proper waste disposal:
1. Dispose waste products according to ?.
2. Broken apparatus should be thrown to the ? provided in each lab.
3. Acids and alkali solution should be ? prior to disposal.
4. ? should be discarded properly.
5. Each sink shall be ? properly after each experiment.
A
classification; box container; neutralized or diluted; Non-hazardous solid wastes; cleaned
9
Q
- contain pathogens and pose a risk of disease transmission
- e.g. waste and waste water contaminated with blood and other body fluids, including highly infectious waste such as laboratory cultures and microbiological stocks
A
INFECTIOUS WASTE
10
Q
INFECTIOUS WASTE disposal
A
Yellow with biohazard symbol (highly infectious waste should be additionally marked “HIGHLY INFECTIOUS” Leak-proof strong plastic bag placed in a container (bags for highly infectious waste should be capable of being autoclaved).
11
Q
- Used or unused ?
- e.g. hypodermic, intravenous
or other needles; auto-disable syringes; syringes with attached needles; infusion sets; scalpels; pipettes; knives; blades; broken glass
A
SHARPS
12
Q
SHARPS disposal
A
Yellow with black band, marked SHARPS with biohazard symbol.
Puncture-proof container
13
Q
- Pharmaceuticals that are expired or no longer needed;
- Cytotoxic waste containing substances with genotoxic properties,
- e.g. waste containing cytostatic drugs (often used in cancer therapy); genotoxic chemicals.
A
PATHOLOGICAL AND CYTOTOXIC WASTE
14
Q
PATHOLOGICAL AND CYTOTOXIC WASTE disposal
A
Purple bag or band
15
Q
- Waste containing chemical substances
- e.g. laboratory reagents;
disinfectants that are expired or no longer needed; solvents; waste with high content of heavy metals, e.g. batteries, broken thermometers and blood pressure gauges.
A
CHEMICAL WASTE
16
Q
CHEMICAL WASTE disposal
A
Waste bins with yellow with black band plastic liners
Brown or amber-colored chemical resistant and leak proof glass bottles,
17
Q
- Waste containing radioactive substances
- e.g. unused liquids from radiotherapy or laboratory research; contaminated glassware, packages or absorbent paper; urine and excreta from patients treated or tested with unsealed radionuclides; sealed sources.
A
RADIOACTIVE WASTE
18
Q
RADIOACTIVE WASTE disposal
A
Orange plastic liners Labeled with radiation Symbol
Lead box
19
Q
- Domestic waste
- Waste that does not pose
any specific biological, chemical, radioactive or physical hazard.
A
NON-HAZARDOUS OR GENERAL HEALTH CARE WASTE
20
Q
NON-HAZARDOUS OR GENERAL HEALTH CARE WASTE disposal
A
Black; or Colorless plastic liners (non-biodegradabl e) Green (biodegradable); Plastic bag inside a container
21
Q
Reagents, Supplies and contamination
1. Get only the ? amount of chemical.
2. Do not remove reagents from the ?.
3. Compounds that produce toxic fumes must be kept inside the ?.
4. Use only the spatulas and droppers assigned to ?.
5. Avoid ? between reagents
A
exact; reagent’s area; fume hood; specific reagents; cross contamination
22
Q
PRIMARY STANDARD GRADE qualities:
A
- High purity.
- Established methods for confirming purity should be available.
- Atmospheric stability.
- Absence of hydrate water so that the composition of the solid does not change with variations in humidity.
- Modest cost.
- Reasonable solubility in the titration medium.
- Reasonably large molar mass so that the relative error associated with weighing the standard is minimized.
23
Q
- Chemicals that have been prepared for a specific application are also available (used in only specific or special procedures or techniques).
- Including solvents for spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography. Information pertinent to the intended use is supplied with these reagents.
A
SPECIAL PURPOSE REAGENT CHEMICALS
24
Q
- Acceptable for food, drug, or medicinal use and can be used for ACS applications or for general procedures that require stringent quality specifications and a purity of ≥95%
A
AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (ACS) GRADE
25
- Generally equal to ACS grade (≥95%) and is acceptable for food, drug, or medicinal use and is suitable for use in many laboratory and analytical applications.
REAGENT GRADE
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- Acceptable for food, drug, or medicinal use.
- Used for most laboratory purposes, but the USP being followed should always be reviewed prior to beginning to ensure the grade is appropriate for that methodology.
UNITED STATES PHARMACOPEIA (USP) GRADE
27
- The USP and the NF (USP–NF) jointly published a book of public pharmacopeial standards for chemical and biological drug substances, dosage forms, compounded preparations, excipients, medical devices, and dietary supplements. The listings here should be reviewed to determine which would be considered equivalent grades
NATIONAL FORMULARY (NF) GRADE
28
- Most popular grade for use in educational applications (all of the chemicals used in the laboratory at our campus/university are laboratory grade), but it's exact levels of impurities are unknown (while excellent for teaching and training, it is not pure enough to be offered for food, drug, or medicinal use of any kind).
- Laboratory grade chemicals cannot be used for analytical methods or analysis.
LABORATORY GRADE
29
- Most popular grade for use in educational applications (all of the chemicals used in the laboratory at our campus/university are laboratory grade), but it's exact levels of impurities are unknown (while excellent for teaching and training, it is not pure enough to be offered for food, drug, or medicinal use of any kind).
- Laboratory grade chemicals cannot be used for analytical methods or analysis.
LABORATORY GRADE
30
PURIFIED GRADE
31
PURIFIED GRADE
32
- It is used for commercial and industrial purposes; however, like many others, it is not pure enough to be offered for food, drug, or medicinal use of any kind.
TECHNICAL GRADE
33
- Used for determining mass with a maximum capacity that ranges from 1 g to a few kilograms with a precision of at least 1 part in 105 (expansion raised to 5) at maximum capacity.
- The precision and accuracy of many modern analytical balances exceed 1 part in 106 (expansion raised to 6) at full capacity.
ANALYTICAL BALANCE
34
- Most common type of analytical balance, and it has a maximum load of 160 to 200 g and a precision of 0.1 mg.
- More precise and specific compared to top loading balance.
MACROANALYTICAL BALANCE
35
- Somewhat similar to those seen in supermarkets in weighing certain goods.
- These are particularly convenient (that’s why some labs opt to use these).
- A sensitive ? will accommodate 150 to 200 g with a precision of about 1 mg—an order of magnitude less than a macroanalytical balance.
top loading balance
36
- Has a maximum load of 10 to 30 g and a precision of 0.01 mg.
- Can no longer measure the mass of a particular compound beyond 30g or below 10g.
SEMIMICROANALYTICAL BALANCE
37
- Has a maximum load of 1 to 3 g and a precision of 0.001 mg, or 1 μg.
- Cannot measure beyond 3 g and below 1 g, it would actually damage your balance. It can only measure small amounts of compound
MICROANALYTICAL BALANCE
38
- Dried materials are stored while they cool as to minimize the uptake of moisture.
DESICCATORS AND DESICCANTS
39
Used to:
1. Dry any sample if there are any trace amounts of moisture.
2. If the sample is already dry, then it is used to keep it dried
DESICCATORS AND DESICCANTS
40
- The process in which solid particles in a liquid or gaseous fluid are removed by the use of a filter medium that permits the fluid to pass through but retains the solid particles.
FILTRATION
41
- Came from the root word ignite.
- The process of providing the energy that is required to initiate a combustion process.
- Usually, a heat source (more commonly a flame) is used to char the filter paper used during the filtration process.
IGNITION
42
- These serve only as containers. Solid particles are first collected on a filter paper. The filter and contents are then transferred to a weighted crucible and the paper is ignited.
● Function to maintain constant mass and principally used to convert a precipitate into a suitable weighing form:
○ Porcelain
○ Aluminum Oxide
○ Silica
○ Platinum
● Useful as containers for high temperature fusion of samples that are not soluble in aqueous reagents. However, crucibles made from this materials are susceptible to mass changes caused by the atmosphere and the material itself:
○ Nickel
○ Iron
○ Silver
○ Gold
SIMPLE CRUCIBLE
43
- These serve not only as containers but also as filters. A vacuum is used to hasten/speed up filtration.
- Since vacuum is being used in this type of crucible, the collection of a precipitate with a filtering crucible is frequently less time consuming than with paper.
FILTERING CRUCIBLE
44
Types of Filtering Crucible
SINTERED-GLASS/FRITTED-GLASS CRUCIBLE
GOOCH CRUCIBLE
- ASBESTOS
FILTER PAPER
- ASHLEES PAPER
45
- Manufactured in fine, medium, and coarse porosities.
- Upper temperature limit: 200 deg C
- NOTE: The filtering crucible which are made of quartz can tolerate substantially higher temperatures without damage.
SINTERED-GLASS/FRITTED-GLASS CRUCIBLE
46
Has a perforated bottom that supports a fibrous mat
GOOCH CRUCIBLE
47
was at one time considered to be
the filtering medium of choice for a gooch crucible. However, due to current regulations or adverse effect of ?, its use is now prohibited. It is said that when inhaled, it may lead to fibrotic lung disease which involves the hardening or calcification in the lungs, that is why glass mats have replaced ?.
asbestos
48
Acts as the filtering medium in the process of filtration.
filter paper
49
manufactured from cellulose fibers that have been treated with hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids.
ashless paper
50
1. All papers tend to pick up ? from the atmosphere.
2. ? circles of ashless paper leave a residue which weighs <0.1 mg
3. Gelatinous precipitates [?] may clog pores of your filter paper
moisture; 9-11 cm; Hydrous iron(III) oxide
51
- Capable of maintaining a constant temperature to within 1 deg C.
- Maximum attainable temperature: 140-260 deg C - 110 deg C – satisfactory drying temperature
- NOTE: This oven is electrically heated.
LOW TEMPERATURE DRYING OVEN
52
- Greatly shorten drying samples.
- For instance, samples which require 10 to 14 hours of drying in a conventional/traditional oven are dried within 5-6 minutes in this type of oven. This is preferred especially if your experiment schedule is time-bound.
- Precipitates of silver chloride, calcium oxalate, and barium sulfate for gravimetric analysis are also reported to dry out quicker.
MICROWAVE LABORATORY OVEN
53
- Can be used to dry a precipitate that has been collected on ashless paper and to char the paper as well.
ORDINARY HEAT LAMP
54
- The maximum attainable temperature depends on the design of the ?, and the combustion properties of the fuel used.
- These equipment are convenient sources of intense heat.
BURNERS
55
3 types of burner
● Meker Burner
● Tirrill Burner
● Bunsen Burner
56
- capable of maintaining controlled temperatures of 1100 deg C or higher.
- Since the temperature is very high, it is advised that long-handle tongs and heat-resistant gloves are needed for protection when transferring objects to and from such a furnace
MUFFLE FURNACE
57
Filtering and Washing Precipitates
? - supernatant liquid is passed through the filter
? - ____ liquid thoroughly mixed with precipitate
? - precipitate moved from beaker to filter paper
Decantation
Washing
Transfer
58
- These are glass tubes used for transferring or measuring solutions.
- These permit the transfer of accurately known volumes from one container to another.
- According to calibration mark/design
PIPETS
59
Contain the necessary volume but do not deliver exact volume, due to tendency fluids cling to glass surfaces/sides of glassware.
To Contain (TC)
60
Will strictly deliver the exact volume that is indicated in the pipet.
To Deliver (TD)
61
3 Types of Pipets
VOLUMETRIC/TRANSFER PIPET
MEASURING PIPETS
HANDHELD EPPENDORF MICROPIPETTE
62
Drainage characteristics
● SINGLE PAINTED RING (SELF-DRAINING
PIPET) - Drain off the liquid by touching the tip of
the pipet to the side of the receiving vessel.
● DOUBLE RING (BLOW-OUT PIPET) - Completely
empty the contents by blowing out all the remaining liquid in the pipet using an aspirator bulb/rubber bulb.
63
- Self-draining pipet
- Graduations always end before the tip.
- the fluid is not completely evacuated from the glassware.
MOHR PIPET
64
- Self-draining pipet
- Graduations always end before the tip.
- the fluid is not completely evacuated from the glassware.
MOHR PIPET
65
- Blow-out pipet
- Graduation mark continue up to the tip.
- The entire amount of fluid is dispensed completely, leaving the pipet empty
SEROLOGICAL PIPET
66
- Self-draining
- Delivers a single, fixed volume between 0.5 and
200 mL.
- It is only used for non-viscous fluid used when
extremely accurate measurement is needed. The volume indicated in the glassware is strictly the only volume the pipet can deliver or dispense.
VOLUMETRIC PIPET
67
- Self-draining
- Delivers a single, fixed volume between 0.5 and
200 mL.
- It is only used for non-viscous fluid used when
extremely accurate measurement is needed. The volume indicated in the glassware is strictly the only volume the pipet can deliver or dispense.
VOLUMETRIC PIPET
68
- Deliver adjustable microliter of volumes of liquid from 10 to 2500uL.
MICROPIPET
69
- Deliver adjustable microliter of volumes of liquid from 10 to 2500uL.
MICROPIPET
70
- Useful in titration.
- Teflon stopcocks are more preferred than glass stopcocks because the teflon stopcocks are unaffected by most common reagents (less interference and more convenient to use).
- Allows delivery of any volume up to the maximum capacity of the device.
- In comparing a buret and a pipet, a buret substantially possess greater precision than a pipet.
BURET
71
- Usually calibrated to contain a specified volume when filled to a line etched on the neck.
- Can also be calibrated on a to deliver basis (TD), distinguished by two reference lines on the neck.
- Can carry capacities ranging from 5mL to 5L.
VOLUMETRIC FLASK
72
- A squeeze bottle with a nozzle
- Used to rinse various pieces of laboratory
glasswares.
WASH BOTTLE
73
CLEANING
● ?
- Brief soaking (on detergent solution) to remove grease and dirt.
- ? – may develop rough area or ring – when present, destroys usefulness of equipment.
- Followed by rinsing with tap water → after rinsing, continue rinsing the glassware in 3 or 4 portions of distilled water.
- Drying of volumetric glassware is seldom
necessary.
Warm Detergent Solution; Prolonged soaking
74
- Curved surface of a liquid at its interface with the atmosphere.
- It is a common practice to use the bottom meniscus as the point of reference in calibrating and using volumetric equipment.
- For a clearer reading, it is advised holding an opaque card or a piece of paper behind the graduations in order for you to clearly see the bottom meniscus.
MENISCUS
75
- The eye must be at the level of the liquid surface to avoid an error due to parallax.
- The apparent displacement of a liquid level or of a pointer as an observer changes position. This is a condition that causes the volume to appear smaller than its actual value if the meniscus is viewed from above and larger if the meniscus is viewed from below.
PARALLAX
76
[READ ONLY] Important Parameters in Pipetting
1. Never pipet by mouth because there is a risk of ingesting the liquid being pipetted.
2. Use a rubber suction bulb to aspirate (volumes of liquid).
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77
[READ ONLY] Application on How to Correctly Use a Pipet Manual Pipeting Technique
1. Using a mechanical suction (rubber bulb or
aspirator bulb), aspirate amounts of liquid slightly above the zero mark of the pipet.
2. Wipe off the outside of the pipet with gauze.
3. Adjust the meniscus up to the zero mark.
4. Drain the contents of the pipet into a receiving vessel.
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78
[READ ONLY] General Directions for Calibration
1. Burets and Pipets need not to be dry but volumetric flasks should be thoroughly drained and dried at RT
2. Water to be used should be in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings.
3. A top loading balance is more convenient to use than an analytical balance.
