Child Development

Question 1

What is the definition of Preterm infant?

Answer 1

Gestational Age of 37 weeks

Question 2

How do you calculate the adjusted age for a baby?

Answer 2

Date of Assessment-Date of Birth=CHRONOLOGICAL AGE
Then
40(full-term)-gestational age=term number
Then
CHRONOLOGICAL AGE-term number=ADJUSTED AGE
**Slide 5/6 is easier to look at

Question 3

In the Neonate describe the following:
Posture
Scarf Sign
Popliteal Angle
Ankle DF
Slip Through
Pull to Sit
Rooting Reflex
Sucking Reflex
Grasp Reflex
ATNR Reflex

Answer 3

Posture: less physiological flexion due to lack of flexor tone
Scarf Sign: no resistance to passive movement
Popliteal Angle: 135-180 degrees
Ankle DF: 60-90 degrees
Slip Through: does not set shoulders when held under arms
Pull to Sit: complete head lag
Rooting Reflex: absent
Sucking Reflex: weak
Grasp Reflex: absent
ATNR Reflex: absent

Question 4

What are some motor development goals?

Answer 4

• Control body against gravity
• Balance
• Keeping one body part still while moving another
• Routine based
• Interest based

Question 5

List the developmental progressions

Answer 5

Prone - Supine - Rolling - Sitting - Standing - Walking;

Most milestones occur within 0-36 months

Question 6

Prone progression

Answer 6

Prone lying - prone on elbows - prone on extended arms - pivot prone - quadruped - locomotion in prone

Question 7

Sitting Progression

Answer 7

supported–> propped/tripod–> ring–> half-ring–> long–> side

Question 8

Standing progression

Answer 8

supported–> independent–> cruising–> independent locomotion–> stair climbing

Question 9

Balance skills make up..

Answer 9

the normal postural reflex mechanisms

Question 10

Righting

Answer 10

body tilted in any direction & head moves to upright position where mouth horizontal & face vertical

Question 11

Tilting

Answer 11

surface child is seated/standing moves–> COM shifts

Question 12

Equilibrium

Answer 12

on stationary surface and force of perturbation directed on child’s body–> COM shift to BOS

Question 13

Protective

Answer 13

regaining balance when COM pushed beyond borders of BOS

Question 14

grasp reflex integrated at..

Answer 14

4 months

Question 15

grasp progression

Answer 15

ulnar-palmar–> palmar–> radial palmar–> inferior pincer–> neat pincer

Question 16

release progression

Answer 16

bang objects on table–> bang objects together–> drop objects–> transfers objects–> active release with finger extension

Question 17

active release with finger extension by..

Answer 17

11 months

Question 18

Simplified gross motor milestones

Answer 18

Rolling- 3 months
Sitting- 6 months
Crawling- 9 months
Walking- 12 months

Question 19

Simplified fine motor milestones

Answer 19

Grasp object- 3 months
Transfers- 6 months
Purposeful release- 9 months
Pincer grasp- 12 months

Question 20

What occurs between 2-7 years old?

Answer 20

Skills become more specific to the child’s choice of play and work; more intentional development by child; what the child wants to learn

Question 21

What is crucial in pediatric PT?

Answer 21

family involvement

Question 22

Understanding the child and family’s culture is important because…

Answer 22

helps identifies priorities and what their routines may be

Question 23

Typical human development follow a ____ and _____.

Answer 23

particular sequence; timing

Question 24

What are the 3 Developmental theories? Which one is the most accepted?

Answer 24

1. Maturation
2. Behavioral
3. Dynamic Systems - MOST ACCPETED

Question 25

What is the maturation theory?

Answer 25

A normal developmental sequence common in all child development. - Certain milestones have to be reached before others - Basically a child has to mature and go thru a certain set of stages as they grow

Question 26

What is the behavioral theory?

Answer 26

We can condition behavior through a stimulus response | - Linear = a baby won’t do something unless there is a reward

Question 27

What is the dynamic systems theory?

Answer 27

Many factors influence development: genetics, nutrition, exposure to toxins, race, ethnicity, prenatal care, childrearing practices, socioeconomic level, disease, trauma, opportunity, level of stimulation, motivation. - think about example of impoverished family vs. well-to-do family.

Question 28

What 2 things does a child need to develope?

Answer 28

1. Myelination | 2. Stimulation

Question 29

What occurs first: total response or local response?

Answer 29

Total | - flailing before fine motor movement

Question 30

What occurs first: proximal movement or distal movement?

Answer 30

Proximal | - hips move before knees

Question 31

What occurs first: medial movement or lateral movement?

Answer 31

Medial | - ulnar grip before radial grip

Question 32

What occurs first: head movement or hip movement?

Answer 32

Head

Question 33

What occurs first: cervical movement or rostral movement?

Answer 33

Cervical | - development happens from mouth oputward

Question 34

What occurs first: gross movement or fine movement?

Answer 34

Gross | - moving whole arm before moving one finger at a time

Question 35

What occurs first: flexor movement or extensor movement?

Answer 35

Flexor - To-term newborns = extreme flexion - pre-term newborns = more extension

Question 36

What occurs first: flexor anti-gravity or extensor anti-gravity?

Answer 36

Extensor anti-gravity | - lift head up in prone before supine

Question 37

What occurs first: weight-bearing on flexed arms or extended arms?

Answer 37

Flexed arms