Child Development - Chapter 3

Question 1

Devleopmental Psychology is…

Answer 1

the study of lifelong often age-related processes of change

Question 2

What is the post hoc fallacy?

Answer 2

tendency to believe that A causes B, just because B came after A

Question 3

What is cross-sectional design in the study of development?

Answer 3

groups of people at differing ages are studied at the same time to measure their differences

Question 4

What is longitudinal design in the study of development?

Answer 4

same people are studied at different ages

Question 5

Name at least 3 challenges in Developmental Psychology?

Answer 5

stability vs change
activity vs passivity
continuity vs discontinuity
culture
nature vs nurture

Question 6

Developmental events that occur before birth are referred to as…

Answer 6

Prenatal

Question 7

Developmental events that occur in the month after birth are reffered to as…

Answer 7

Neonatal

Question 8

Explain conception

Answer 8

Ovum + Sperm = Zygote (fertilized egg)

Question 9

Name the three stages of prenatal development

Answer 9

Zygote = Week 1
Embryo = Weeks 2-8
Fetus = Weeks 9-38

Question 10

What is a teratogen?

Answer 10

environmental factors that can produce birth defects during the prenatal period

Question 11

What is the result of exposure to a teratogen in the first two weeks of development?

Answer 11

loss of embryo

Question 12

What is the result of exposure to a teratogen in the weeks 2-8 of development?

Answer 12

severe anomalies in organ systems

Question 13

What is the result of exposure to a teratogen in the fetal period of development?

Answer 13

less sever defects, fetal period is for maturation not formation

Question 14

What are FASD?

Answer 14

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Question 15

What are the 4 diagnoses of FASD?

Answer 15

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (pFAS)
Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ARND)
Alcohol-Related Birth Defects (ARBD)

Question 16

What’s different about the way people with FASD may behave?

Answer 16

may have a hard time learning and controlling their behaviour

Question 17

Explain Cephalocaudal Trend

Answer 17

earliest growth starts at head, with the rest of body following

Question 18

Explain Proximadistal Trend

Answer 18

growth begins at the centre of the body and proceeds to the extremities

Question 19

Infants are born with innate…

Answer 19

primary reflexes

Question 20

State the 5 Newborns’ Reflexes

Answer 20

Babinski - spreading of toes when foot stroked
Moro - stretching of arms and legs, crying, in response to a loud noise
Rooting - head turns towards direction of light touch
Sucking - in response to finger or nipple in mouth
Grasping - in response to an object being pressed in palm

Question 21

Explain Fantz (1961) study of Infant Perception

Answer 21

present two stimuli and see if infant looks at one longer

Question 22

What is Visual Cliff?

Answer 22

experiment designed to see if children have depth-perception

Question 23

How do theories of cognitive development differ?

Answer 23

1. Stagelike vs gradual changes in understanding
2. Domain-general vs domain-specific
3. Principal source of learning

Question 24

What is a Schema?

Answer 24

organized way of interacting with the environment and experiencing the world

Question 25

Schemata guide ___ based on prior ___

Answer 25

guide thoughts based on prior experiences

Question 26

Schemas can change through ___ and ___

Answer 26

assimilation and accommodation

Question 27

What is assimilation of Schema?

Answer 27

new ideas and experiences are incorporated into existing behaviours

Question 28

What is accommodation of Schema?

Answer 28

previous schema are modified to adapt them to new experiences

Question 29

What are Jean Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development?

Answer 29

Stage 1: Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2) Stage 2: Preoperational Stage (2-6/7) Stage 3: Concrete Operational Stage (6/7-12) Stage 4: Formal Operational Stage (12-Adult)

Question 30

Pros and Cons of Piaget's stages of Cognitive Development

Answer 30

Pros: highly influential Cons: Development is more continuous, not stages. culturally biased methods, only applied to his culture.

Question 31

What did Bronfenbrenner argue?

Answer 31

Children develop in a system of complex human relationships that encompass immediate environments as well as larger communities

Question 32

Arrange Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems

Answer 32

Microsystem > Mesosystem > Exosystem > Macrosystem

Question 33

How is Vygotsky's sociocultural theory put to use in learning?

Answer 33

Parents are help less and less as the kid learns more, engaging the child in complex reasoning

Question 34

What is the zone of proximal development?

Answer 34

Difference between where kid is and where they might be with appropriate assistance

Question 35

What is scaffolding?

Answer 35

when an adult sets up a structure to help the child solve a problem (kid counting bears)

Question 36

In development, what is the theory of mind?

Answer 36

understanding of mental states such as feelings and intentions, and their causal role in behaviour

Question 37

What age does the theory of mind develop?

Answer 37

3

Question 38

Who was the leading figure in the Rhesus Monkey expirement?

Answer 38

Harry Harlow

Question 39

What did we learn from the Rhesus Monkey experiment?

Answer 39

Reassuring physical contact plays big role in attachment

Question 40

Who was one of the first developmental psychologists to study attachment?

Answer 40

John Bowlby

Question 41

What were the results of the Strange Situation Technique?

Answer 41

60% of children show secure attachment 15-20% show insecure-avoidant attachment 15% show insecure-anxious attachment 5-10% were disorganized

Question 42

What is temperament?

Answer 42

intensity and quality of emotional reactions

Question 43

3 types of infants in regards to temperament

Answer 43

Easy child (40%) Slow to-warm up child (15%) Difficult child (10%) 35% do not fall in category

Question 44

Explain the temperament style of behavioural inhibition?

Answer 44

Children are frightened at the sight of unexpected stimuli

Question 45

From childhood on, individuals develop___, a system of learned attitudes about social practices, institutions, and individual behaviour used to evaluate situations as right or wrong

Answer 45

Morality

Question 46

Piaget found children to have two types of morality, what is heteronomous morality?

Answer 46

Morality based on what others (parents) tell them is right or wrong

Question 47

Piaget found children to have two types of morality, what is autonomous morality?

Answer 47

Self-directed morality

Question 48

What are Kohlberg's 3 Levels of Morality

Answer 48

1. Pre conventional Morality 2. Conventional Morality 3. Post conventional morality

Question 49

Explain pre conventional morality

Answer 49

focus on punishment and reward

Question 50

Explain conventional morality

Answer 50

focus on societal values

Question 51

Explain post conventional morality

Answer 51

focus on internal moral principles