Psychology and Scientific Thinking - Chapter 1

Question 1

What is Psychology?

Answer 1

the science of the behaviour of individuals and their mental processes

Question 2

What is Naive Realism?

Answer 2

the belief that “seeing is believing”

belief that the world is exactly as it appears

can be useful (car coming at you) or detrimental

Question 3

What is Reciprocal Determinism?

Answer 3

The fact that Humans influence each other

Eg. if you are around outgoing people then you will become more outgoing

Question 4

2 Approaches to Studying Cultural Influences

Answer 4

1. Cross-cultural: compares experiences in different cultures and attempts to identify the cultural variables that influence its nature
2. Cultural: within a particular culture

Question 5

What is Confirmation Bias

Answer 5

the tendency to seek out evidence that confirms our initial beliefs, ignoring any evidence that contradicts such belief

Question 6

What is Belief Perseverance?

Answer 6

the tendency to stick with your initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts such belief

Question 7

What is a Metaphysical Claim?

Answer 7

claim that cannot be tested by science (afterlife, god, soul)

Question 8

What is a bias blind spot?

Answer 8

recognizing the impact of bias on others judgement, but failing to recognize the impact of bias on yourself

Question 9

What is Pseudoscience?

Answer 9

claims that seem scientific but lack defence from bias

Question 10

What are some signs of Pseudoscience?

Answer 10

exaggerated claims, no connection to research, “psychobabble”

Question 11

Why do we cling to Pseudoscience?

Answer 11

we want to make sense of our world, sense of control, finding comfort within our own beliefs

Question 12

What is the emotional reasoning fallacy?

Answer 12

using emotions to evaluate validity of arguments

eg. scientific claim makes a person upset and so they refuse to believe it

Question 13

What is the bandwagon fallacy?

Answer 13

believing something because lots of people believe it

Question 14

What is the not me fallacy?

Answer 14

belief that that you are immune to errors of thinking that other people are prone to

Eg. debaters pointing out each others biases believing that they themselves couldn’t have bias

Question 15

What is Scientific Skepticism

Answer 15

to be open minded about all claims but insisting on persuasive evidence in order to accept them

Question 16

Who began the first Psychology Lab in 1879?

Answer 16

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 17

Which school of thought relied on introspection?

Answer 17

Structuralism

Question 18

What is Intropsection in Structuralism?

Answer 18

examination of individuals reports of their own thoughts and feelings

Question 19

Which School of Thought was influenced by Darwin and aimed to understand how and why the mind functions?

Answer 19

Functionalism

Question 20

Which school of thought only studied objective, observable behaviours?

Answer 20

Behaviourism (John B. Watson)

Question 21

Which school of thought aimed to examine the role of mental processes on behaviour? thinking affects behaviour in powerful aways

Answer 21

Cognitivism (Jean Piaget)

Question 22

Which school of thought wants to uncover the role of unconscious psychological processes?

Answer 22

Psychoanalysis

Question 23

What type of Psychologist assesses, diagnoses and treats patients with mental disorders?

Answer 23

Clinical Psychologist

Question 24

What type of Psychologist deals with patients temporary problems?

Answer 24

Counselling

Question 25

Which type of psychologist does research to understand *thinking*, *memory* and *social behaviours*?

Answer 25

Experimental

Question 26

What psychology debate discusses whether our behaviour is a result of our genes or environment?

Answer 26

Nature vs Nurture

Question 27

What Psychology Debate discusses whether we have control over our behaviours?

Answer 27

**Free Will vs Determinism**

Question 28

What are the **3 Levels of Analysis**?

Answer 28

1. Sociocultural 2. Psychological 3. Biological

Question 29

How can you avoid *pseudoscience*?

Answer 29

1. Think scientifically 2. be aware of logical fallacies

Question 30

What School of Thought would believe “the basic elements of sensation can reveal the underlying structure of the mind”?

Answer 30

Structuralism

Question 31

Who are the key figures in Structuralism?

Answer 31

Wilhelm Wundt Edward Tichener James Baldwin

Question 32

Which School of Thought believes “conscious experience is more then the sum of its parts”?

Answer 32

Gestalt Psychology

Question 33

Who is the key figure behind Gestalt Psychology, the alternative to Structuralism?

Answer 33

Max Wertheimer (Germany)

Question 34

What field, much older then Psychology, heavily inspired it?

Answer 34

Philosophy

Question 35

What is Gestalt Psychology’s key principle?

Answer 35

the whole is greater than, and different from, the sum of its parts.

Question 36

Which school of thought does this question align with; “What is the purpose of any behavioural act?”

Answer 36

Functionalism

Question 37

What is the name of therapy which involves one person passing on their feelings about one person onto the therapist?

Answer 37

Transference

Question 38

What is Transference

Answer 38

When one transfers emotions or feelings from one person to another. eg.

Question 39

What is Freud best known for?

Answer 39

Theory of unconscious thought

Question 40

Which close friend and supposed protege left Freud due to disagreements?

Answer 40

Carl Jung

Question 41

What did Freud propose?

Answer 41

That unconscious mental processes direct behaviour

Question 42

What is a freudian slip?

Answer 42

unintentionally revealing one’s subconscious feelings through a slip of the tounge

Question 43

What is the humanistic perspective emphasis on?

Answer 43

each individuals unique experiences

Question 44

The major contribution of the humanistic perspective…

Answer 44

is the development of the “hierarchy of needs” aka Maslow’s Pyramid

Question 45

The Cognitive Perspective focuses on..

Answer 45

perception, memory and thinking

Question 46

Biological perspective focuses on…

Answer 46

the functioning of genes, nervous system and endocrine system

Question 47

The Evolutionary Perspective beleives …

Answer 47

behaviours that help organisms adapt will be passed on to successive generations

Question 48

The sociocultural perspective…

Answer 48

examines cross-cultural differences in the causes and consequences of behaviour

Question 49

Five Main challenges of psychology? 1. Human behaviour… 2. Psychological influences are… 3. individuals… 4. people influence… 5. behaviour is shaped by….

Answer 49

1. human behaviour is difficult to predict 2. psychological influences are rarely independent 3. individual differences among people 4. people influence each other (reciprocal determinism) 5. behaviour is shaped by culture

Question 50

What is the scientific method?

Answer 50

set of steps used to analyze and solve problems

Question 51

Behaviour is…

Answer 51

the observable actions by which an organism adjusts to its environment

Question 52

What is behavioural data?

Answer 52

reports of observations about behaviour and the conditions under which they occur

Question 53

What are the 6 principles of scientifc thinking?

Answer 53

1. ruling out rival hypothesis 2. correlation vs causation 3. falsifiability 4. replicability 5. extraordinary claims 6. occam’s razor

Question 54

Which school of thought emphasizes the “what” of mental behaviour?

Answer 54

structuralism

Question 55

Which structuralist began the first canadian psychology lab at the University of Toronto in 1889?

Answer 55

James Baldwin

Question 56

What is consciousness?

Answer 56

ongoing stream of mind in constant interaction with the environment

Question 57

Who are the key functionalists?

Answer 57

William James and John Dewey

Question 58

What does Functionalism study?

Answer 58

how and why the mind functions

Question 59

When was the Canadian Psychology Association (CPA) formed?

Answer 59

1939

Question 60

What is hysteria?

Answer 60

label used to describe unmanageable fear or emotional excesses

Question 61

What theories was Freud known for?

Answer 61

Theory of unconscious mind and theory of repression as a defence mechanism

Question 62

Does therapy = psychoanalysis?

Answer 62

yes

Question 63

What does the behaviourist perspective focus on?

Answer 63

measuring only what is observable

Question 64

Who developed humanistic psychology?

Answer 64

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

Question 65

When and where was the first Psychology department established in a Canadian University?

Answer 65

1924 at McGill University