child psych 2

Question 1

What is the gender ratio for depression in the prepubertal age group?

Answer 1

1:1

The prevalence of depression in the prepubertal age group is up to 3%.

Question 2

What is the mainstay treatment for encopresis?

Answer 2

Behavioural modification

Ongoing behavioural intervention is essential to enhance appropriate bowel behaviour and reduce anxiety.

Question 3

What genetic abnormality is most associated with an increased risk of having another child with Down’s syndrome?

Answer 3

Translocation

Approximately 94% of Down syndrome cases are due to Trisomy 21, but Robertsonian translocation significantly increases recurrence risk.

Question 4

Which treatment is not routinely recommended for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents?

Answer 4

Treatment with benzodiazepines

Benzodiazepines are not indicated due to potential adverse effects.

Question 5

What is the prevalence of self-harm in teenagers identifying with Goth culture?

Answer 5

50%

A longitudinal study found 53% of Goth-identifying participants reported self-harm.

Question 6

What MRI finding is commonly associated with autism?

Answer 6

Hypoplasia of cerebellar vermis

MRI findings may include increased brain size and abnormalities in the cerebellum.

Question 7

What is the male to female ratio for Gilles de la Tourette syndrome?

Answer 7

3:1

The syndrome is characterized by multiple motor tics and at least one vocal tic.

Question 8

Which genetic disorder is closely associated with autism?

Answer 8

Fragile X syndrome

About 1-4% of children with autism also have fragile X syndrome.

Question 9

What treatment is supported by evidence for anorexia nervosa in children and adolescents?

Answer 9

Family therapy

Family interventions directly addressing the eating disorder are especially beneficial.

Question 10

What is the male to female ratio for conduct disorder?

Answer 10

4:1

Conduct disorder is more common among boys than girls.

Question 11

Enuresis is defined as voiding of urine for a child of age _______.

Answer 11

5 years or older

Diagnosis requires a developmental or chronological age of at least 5 years.

Question 12

Which statement about childhood elimination disorders is correct?

Answer 12

Enuresis may occur secondary to a psychiatric disorder

Enuresis is more common in boys than girls and can co-occur with depression.

Question 13

What is true regarding enuresis?

Answer 13

May run in families

Enuresis has a high familial association and can occur as a psychiatric complication.

Question 14

What is not associated with early-onset schizophrenia?

Answer 14

Decreased negative symptoms

Early-onset schizophrenia is often more severe, with increased negative symptoms and cognitive deficits.

Question 15

What is the most likely risk factor for criminality at age 17 in a boy with behavioral problems at age 8?

Answer 15

Inadequate parenting

Early ADHD alone is not a risk factor unless accompanied by aggressive behavior.

Question 16

Clinging and diffuse non-selectively focused attachment behaviour is seen in _______.

Answer 16

Disinhibited attachment disorder

This behavior pattern arises during the first 5 years of life.

Question 17

What is the prevalence of separation anxiety disorder (SAD) in children?

Answer 17

3.5% of children

Epidemiological studies indicate a prevalence of 3 to 5%.

Question 18

According to DSM 5 criteria, the core symptoms of ADHD must have their onset _______.

Answer 18

Before 12 years of age

The age criterion was updated from before 7 years to before 12 years.

Question 19

Which statement about transient tic disorder is incorrect?

Answer 19

The tics should last longer than 12 consecutive months

Tics must occur many times a day for at least 4 weeks but for no longer than 12 consecutive months.

Question 20

What positive symptom is most commonly found in young people with schizophrenia?

Answer 20

Delusions

Delusions occur in more than 90% of individuals with schizophrenia.

Question 21

Which symptom cannot be explained by both ADHD and bipolar disorder?

Answer 21

Sleeplessness

Decreased need for sleep is more closely associated with bipolar disorder.

Question 22

What are common types of delusions in schizophrenia?

Answer 22

Delusions of persecution, Delusions of reference, Delusions of grandeur, Delusions of control

Common delusions experienced by individuals with schizophrenia.

Question 23

Which symptom is not explained by ADHD alone when comorbid with bipolar disorder?

Answer 23

Sleeplessness

Sleeplessness is more closely associated with hypomania/mania of bipolar disorder.

Question 24

Which group is most delayed in empathy development?

Answer 24

Most delayed in deaf children of hearing parents

Deaf preadolescents have more difficulty with empathy development than hearing children.

Question 25

What is commonly associated with autistic spectrum disorders?

Answer 25

ADHD ## Footnote Symptoms consistent with ADHD are present in 50-75% of patients with autistic spectrum disorders.

Question 26

What is the chance of a 12-year-old boy with conduct disorder developing antisocial personality disorder?

Answer 26

50% ## Footnote Conduct disorder is often chronic and leads to significant antisocial problems in adulthood.

Question 27

What diagnosis is likely for a boy skipping school and using drugs?

Answer 27

Conduct disorder ## Footnote Conduct disorder is characterized by enduring antisocial and aggressive behaviors.

Question 28

What is the most likely diagnosis for a 2-year-old boy with a limited vocabulary and infrequent communication?

Answer 28

Expressive language disorder ## Footnote This disorder is characterized by a selective deficit in expressive language development.

Question 29

Which factor is NOT common among children who attempt suicide?

Answer 29

Absence of cognitive distortions ## Footnote Cognitive distortions often characterized by hopelessness and helplessness are prevalent in adolescents that attempt suicide.

Question 30

What is the most common co-morbid psychiatric disorder seen in children with ADHD?

Answer 30

Oppositional defiant disorder ## Footnote Co-morbid psychiatric illness is common in ADHD children, seen in 50-80% of cases.

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT a core diagnostic feature of ADHD?

Answer 31

Language dysfunction ## Footnote The core features include hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention.

Question 32

Which antidepressant has shown improvement in children with enuresis?

Answer 32

Imipramine ## Footnote Imipramine has been approved for use in treating childhood enuresis, primarily on a short-term basis.

Question 33

What is a common reason for parents to seek treatment for Separation Anxiety Disorder?

Answer 33

Excessive somatic complaints ## Footnote Physical symptoms like nausea and headaches are common during separation from attachment figures.

Question 34

What is the age of onset for early-onset schizophrenia?

Answer 34

Before 12 years of age ## Footnote Childhood-onset schizophrenia is characterized by the onset of psychotic symptoms by age 12.

Question 35

Heller's syndrome is characterized by normal development until what age?

Answer 35

2 years of age ## Footnote Childhood disintegrative disorder shows regression after at least 2 years of normal development.

Question 36

What is the most suitable first-line treatment for a 15-year-old with moderate depression and no suicidality?

Answer 36

CBT alone ## Footnote Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is effective for adolescents with moderate depression.

Question 37

Which scale is used in epidemiological studies to screen for caseness in school-going children?

Answer 37

Strengths and difficulties questionnaire ## Footnote The SDQ addresses emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity, peer relationships, and prosocial behavior.

Question 38

By what age does the onset of autistic spectrum disorder generally occur?

Answer 38

Before the age of 3 ## Footnote The disorder is recognized before age 3, though some cases may not be identified until later.

Question 39

What is the most effective treatment for Bulimia nervosa in adolescents?

Answer 39

CBT ## Footnote Cognitive Behavioral Therapy has been found to be the most effective treatment in controlled studies.

Question 40

Which sleep-related movement disorder is associated with stimulant use?

Answer 40

Bruxism ## Footnote Bruxism can be associated with cocaine, amphetamines, alcohol, and SSRI use.

Question 41

What is the common blood picture expected in adolescents with anorexia nervosa?

Answer 41

Normocytic normochromic anaemia ## Footnote Other findings may include leucopenia and thrombocytopenia.

Question 42

A report card can be used as a tool in the treatment of which disorder?

Answer 42

ADHD ## Footnote Report cards can be effective behavioral tools connecting school and home for children with ADHD.

Question 43

In autistic spectrum disorder, which symptom does not improve over time?

Answer 43

Ritualistic and repetitive behaviours ## Footnote These behaviours often persist throughout life and do not show significant improvement.

Question 44

Which is listed in the ICD-10 criteria for a diagnosis of childhood autism?

Answer 44

Reduced sharing of interests with others ## Footnote This is one of the diagnostic features of autistic disorder.

Question 45

What percentage of autistic adults remain severely handicapped and live in dependence?

Answer 45

About two-thirds ## Footnote This statistic highlights the long-term challenges faced by autistic individuals into adulthood.

Question 46

What are the three categories of symptoms for Autistic Disorder?

Answer 46

* Qualitative impairment in social interaction * Impairment in communication * Restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behaviour or interests ## Footnote The onset of autistic disorder is before the age of 3 years.

Question 47

Which symptom is rare in early-onset schizophrenia?

Answer 47

Catatonia ## Footnote Auditory and visual hallucinations are common in children with schizophrenia.

Question 48

What is the medication of choice for an 8-year-old child with ADHD and tics?

Answer 48

Noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor ## Footnote Atomoxetine is preferred especially when stimulants are abused or when tics are present.

Question 49

Asperger's syndrome is characterized by all except?

Answer 49

Impaired intellectual ability and syntactical speech ## Footnote Individuals with Asperger's syndrome typically have normal IQ and language development.

Question 50

What percentage of adolescents up to 19 years of age will have experienced a diagnosable episode of depression in Europe?

Answer 50

20% ## Footnote This statistic indicates the prevalence of depression in the adolescent population.

Question 51

What is the most common adverse outcome of conduct disorder seen in adults?

Answer 51

Antisocial Personality Disorder ## Footnote Approximately 40-50% of children with conduct disorders may develop this condition as adults.

Question 52

Common presentations of anxiety disorders in preschool children include?

Answer 52

* Tearfulness * Clinging behaviour ## Footnote Anxiety symptoms vary with age, with preschool children showing tearfulness and clinging.

Question 53

Which disorder is among the most common psychiatric presentations seen in adolescents?

Answer 53

Anxiety disorders ## Footnote Prevalence ranges from 4% to 20% affecting self-esteem and social relationships.

Question 54

Select the adolescent-onset disorder for which social disadvantage is not an established risk factor?

Answer 54

Anorexia ## Footnote Anorexia tends to be more common among the upper social class.

Question 55

In PANDAS, which psychiatric symptom is rare?

Answer 55

Auditory hallucinations ## Footnote PANDAS is characterized by OCD and/or tic disorder without auditory hallucinations.

Question 56

Seizures and irregular respiration are commonly associated features seen in?

Answer 56

Rett's syndrome ## Footnote Rett syndrome includes symptoms such as irregular respiration and developmental challenges.

Question 57

Which drug has the most supportive evidence base for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder in childhood?

Answer 57

Sertraline ## Footnote Sertraline has been shown to be effective in treating pediatric OCD.

Question 58

The onset of oppositional defiant disorder is generally between the ages?

Answer 58

3 and 8 years ## Footnote This disorder can begin as early as 3 years but is typically recognized by age 8.

Question 59

The most important organic cause to be excluded for children with encopresis is?

Answer 59

Hirschprung's disease ## Footnote It is crucial to rule out organic causes like Hirschsprung’s disease in cases of encopresis.

Question 60

Known risk factors for child abuse include all except?

Answer 60

High socio-economic class ## Footnote Child abuse is more strongly correlated with poverty and psychosocial stress.

Question 61

Melatonin is considered an effective treatment for which condition in children?

Answer 61

Sleep latency ## Footnote Melatonin decreases the time taken to fall asleep, especially in children with learning difficulties.

Question 62

According to DSM criteria, ADHD is present in what percentage of children?

Answer 62

3-5% ## Footnote ADHD affects approximately 10% of the population in the United States.

Question 63

What proportion of 15 to 16-year-old adolescents admit to incidents of deliberate self-harm in the UK?

Answer 63

6.9% ## Footnote This figure represents actual incidents, while ideation prevalence is much higher.

Question 64

Which one of the following is not categorized as a pervasive developmental disorder?

Answer 64

ADHD ## Footnote Pervasive developmental disorders include autism and Asperger's syndrome but not ADHD.

Question 65

Which statement regarding enuresis is true?

Answer 65

Most children remit after age 7 ## Footnote A familial aggregation is noted for enuresis, and most children tend to remit spontaneously.