Child Studies

Question 1

Isabella

Answer 1

Observed mothers and babies at 1, 4 and 9 months assessing quality of attachment. Found that most strongly attached babies had mothers who were more sensitively responsive.

Question 2

Kagans temperament hypothesis

Answer 2

Babies personality has influence on the attachment relationship not just the sensitivity of the mother. Individual differences eg emotionally difficult.

Question 3

Rutter

Answer 3

Difficult for attachments to form after 6 months

Question 4

Fox

Answer 4

Argues attachment down to the quality of time spent with baby not amount. Children in Israeli kibbutz spent less time with mothers but had strong attachments.

Question 5

Harlow and Zimmerman

Answer 5

Gave rhesus monkeys choice of wire mother or cloth mother. All chose cloth mother so shows contact comfort is important for development of attachment.

Question 6

Main and Solomon

Answer 6

Added a category to attachment types called disorganised which is for infants who don’t show a pattern and are confused whether to approach mother. Associated with depressed caregivers and child abuse.

Question 7

Main and Weston

Answer 7

Attachment type depended on which the parent the baby is with so it measures relationships instead of personal characteristics.

Question 8

Scaffer + Peggy Emerson

Answer 8

Studies Glaswegian babies in their first 18 months and found after 18 months only 18 babies had formed 1 attachment. Goes against monotropy idea.

Question 9

Hazen and Shaver

Answer 9

Supports internal working model as found securely attached pps believed romantic relationships were based on trust but insecurely attached pps believe it was based on jealousy and that they didn’t need love.

Question 10

Robertson and Robertson

Answer 10

Showed importance of substitute care by looking after children while their mothers were in hospital. Children showed few ill effects so shows importance of good substitute care.

Question 11

Bowlby 44 juvenile thieves

Answer 11

Bowlby studies 44 juvenile thieves at a youth guidance clinic and found 14 were described as affection less and 17 were separated from their mother for more than 6 month before age of 5.

Question 12

Fagin

Answer 12

Observed children at a hospital who were accompanied with mother and those without mother. The children without showed more distress

Question 13

Spiro

Answer 13

Case study of boy at Israeli kibbutz who was left there while his parents went travelling. The boy showed the same levels of distress even though he was surrounded by people he knew so shows distress is not caused by the environment

Question 14

Goldfarb

Answer 14

Compared development of children raised in institutions and those fostered straight from mother. The fostered group were socially and intellectually ahead of institution. Later on institutional group struggled to from relationships and still had developmental lag.

Question 15

Genie case study

Answer 15

13 year old girl discovered in a locked room with a cage and a potty. Neglected by parents and had mental retardation and was malnourished. After a few days she formed attachments with staff at hospital and after a few months began to play and utter words.

Question 16

Czech twins case study

Answer 16

Twins found in locked dark room at 6yo. Fostered by 2 sisters who gave good care and by 11 they had normal speech and at 20 both had jobs and were in relationships

Question 17

Rutter and Burke

Answer 17

Compared development of Romanian orphans adopted into uk families and adopted children born in uk. Romanian adoptees caught up in weight height and cognitive ability at 11. However still had difficulty in forming attachments and social interaction.

Question 18

Bulldog bank

Answer 18

6 children who were raises at a nazi concentration camp. Went to a clinic at 3yo and were aggressive towards staff but had strong binds with each other. Eventually formed attachments with staff and developed intelligence.

Question 19

Sylva EPPE study

Answer 19

High quality daycare and well qualified staff led to better development with cognitive effects still evident at key stage 1.

Question 20

Anderson

Answer 20

Longitudinal study of Swedish children and found that those who attended daycare before 1 were rated as more socially advanced by teachers and preformed better cognitively at school.

Question 21

Belsky and rovine

Answer 21

Investigated negative effects of daycare. More insecure avoidant attachments for children who attended daycare for more than 20 hours a week.

Question 22

Lorenz

Answer 22

Managed to raise geese by responding to their social releases before their 32 hour cut off period.

Question 23

Kennedy

Answer 23

Studied case study of women who had genetic disorder which impaired amygdala. Her preferred personal space for social interaction was half of control. Shows amygdala dysfunction associated with similar deficits in ASD.

Question 24

Herbert

Answer 24

Children with ASD had smaller amygdala compared to control group. Goes against bio explanation which states amygdala grows faster in ASD.

Question 25

White

Answer 25

Suggests link between amygdala dysfunction and social behaviour deficits that are due to abnormal processing of anxiety.

Question 26

Paul

Answer 26

Studies 2 women who had damage to their amygdala but they did not show signs of impaired social behaviour. Therefore amygdala dysfunction on its own does not cause symptoms of ASD.

Question 27

Barron-cohen

Answer 27

Preformed eye test by asking pps the emotions they detected in images of peoples eyes. Adults with ASD preformed worse compared to control.

Question 28

Happé

Answer 28

Found people with ASD passed the eye test and sally anne test so theory of mind is not a complete explanation

Question 29

Kasari

Answer 29

Studied children with ASD in a programme to improve their attention skills. Language skills improved and was evident after 5 years.

Question 30

Fletcher-Watson.

Answer 30

Reviewed interventions based on TOM and found improvements were short lived and did not generalise beyond situations the skills were learnt in

Question 31

Charlotte-Christy

Answer 31

Found 3 boys with ASD made more spontaneous speech improvements and eye contact and attention improved after PECS training.

Question 32

Flippin

Answer 32

Meta analysis from studies on PECS and concluded it was fairly effective but improvements could not be generalised to new situations.

Question 33

Reichow

Answer 33

Meta analysis of EIBI therapies and children who did EIBI showed improvements in IQ socialisation and self care skills.

Question 34

Healy and Lyndon

Answer 34

Say techniques used in EIBI are outdated and not supported by evidence so hard to tell what the core techniques are.

Question 35

Boucher

Answer 35

Identified factors such as early implementation family involvement and highly structured. He said they are factors which are successful in any therapy so there is nothing special about eibi.

Question 36

Dawson

Answer 36

Claims eibi can change the course of brain development before full autism occurs.