Cognitive Essay Plans Flashcards
(22 cards)
Baddeley 1966
Generalisability
A03
Weakness
A01
Sample of 72 split into groups of 15 so anomaly would make a difference.
Sample made of British volunteers so not generalisable to other cultures
Baddeley 1966
Reliability
A03
Strength
A01
Standardised procedures as same words were used in the same order for participants. Everyone saw word for same amount of time (3seconds) and had the same amount of time to recall
Baddeley 1966
Validity
A03
Weakness
A01
Recalling words in the exact order of artificial and does not resemble anything you do in real life.
Baddeley 1966
Application
A03
Strength
A01
If ltm encodes semantically then mindmaps with semantic links are useful for revision.
Reading passages repeatedly (rote learning) is not effective as ltm isn’t acoustic.
Evaluate working memory model
Phonological loop
AO1
Phonological loop processes auditory info
Articulately loop ( inner voice) subvocalises
Phonological store is inner ear and temporarily holds sound
AO3
Paulesu et al 1993
Used PET scan and found Broca’s area was activated in subvocal rehearsal and sumpermarginal gyrus activated in use of phonological store
Shows they are sepeate sub components
Evaluate working memory model
Visuo spatial pad
AO1
Processes visual and spatial info
Used for navigation
Visual input such as images and light, spatial info such as directions
AO3
Not supported by Liberman 1980 who states blind people have good spatial info even tho no visual info.
Argues vss split in 2. 1 for visual and 1 for spatial
Evaluate working memory model
Central executive
AO1
Directs divides and switches attention
Decides how 2 slave systems should function
Involved in tasks such as problem solving
AO3
Baddely et al 1991 supports it
Did verbal and visual tasks on young elderly and Alzheimer’s
A,zehimers did not differ on individual taks but struggled to do it together
Shows separate stm components
Evaluate working memory model
Episodic buffer
AO1
Only refers to stm. No mention of how stm and ltm communicate
A03
Therefore episodic buffer added in 2000
Shows how subcomponents feed and retrieve info from ltm
Evaluate tulving ltm
Ao1 block
AO1
Procedural - responsible for knowing how to do things not involving conscious thought
Semantic - info about the world and involves conscious thought
Episodic - conscious thoughts about life experiences
AO3
Bahrick 1975 supports it
Pps tested on names and faces of ex-classmates after 48 years
Accuracy was 80%semantic and 70% visual
Shows seperate components of ltm
Evaluate tulving ltm
Episodic memory
AO1
Episodic memory are events we have experienced
Dependent on time referencing and perceptually encoded
AO3
Supported by Clive wearing who had brain damage from viral infection
Lost episodic memory has semantic memory
No episodic memory of his wife but has semantic as knows he loves hear
Evaluate tulving ltm
Episodic and semantic seperate
AO1
Tulving states episodic and semantic are seperate components
Dementia causes problems to both types so suggests they are linked
AO3
Squire and Zola 1998 examined children with amnesia (never has semantic store) and adults with amnesia (used to have semantic store)
E and S memories were equally impaired so shows they could be the same thing
Evaluate tulving ltm
Semantic
AO1
It is detached from temporal link and could be recalled without reference to when it was learned but episodic is time referenced
A03
Ostergad 1987 boy who had anoxic episode had impairment to episodic but good semantic
Shows diff memory stores
Evaluate multi store
Intro
Sensory - less than a second
STM - 20 seconds and 7 +/-2
LTM - unlimited duration and capacity
Evaluate multi store
Sensory
AO1
Sensory is iconic or echoic
Passed to stm by attention
AO3
Sperling 1960 showed grid of letters for 0.05 secs. 80% of words were recalled.
All info was held in sensory memory but decayed quickly. Shows sensory stores are large but decay rapidly.
Evaluate multi store
LTM.
AO1
Encoded semantically
Limitless capacity and duration
AO3
Brady 2008 showed pps pairs of objects and they had to identify which one they saw earlier. They were shown 2500 objects in 5.5 hrs. Different = 92%. Similar = 88%. Shows thousands of images can be maintained successfully in ltm.
Evaluate multi store
STM
AO1
Oats up to 30 secs
Capacity = 7+/-2
If info rehearsed can be transferred to ltm
AO3
Henry moliason had brain surgery for epilepsy which led to impairment of ltm but stm still intact. Unable to rehearse so can’t transfer memory. Supports idea ltm and stm are different stores.
Evaluate multi store
Rehearsal
AO1
Info needs to be rehearsed to transfer from stm to ltm
Ppl with brain damage + brain damage struggle to rehearse
A03
Theory can be applied by labelling things to help ppl who struggle to rehearse stm
Evaluate reconstructive memory model
AO1 block
Memory is grouped into categories called schemas which are knowledge categories.
Assimilation = changing schemas to fit what we’ve learnt
Confabulation = filling gaps in our memory with another memory
Rationalisation = making sense of something by using info from our schemas
Evaluate reconstructive memory model
Rationalisation
AO1
When we use our schemas to come up with explanations for things we don’t understand
AO3
War of the ghosts - pps had to serial reproduce a Native American story. Pps rationalised story coming up with confusing parts of the story. They missed out ghosts as they had no schemas for it and said tribe instead.
Evaluate reconstructive memory model
Confabulation
AO1
When we fill gaps in our memory with another memory stored in schema
AO3
Allport and Postman 1947 showed pic of well dressed black man and white man.
Pps reversed roles used racist schemas to confabulate
Evaluate reconstructive memory model
Accommodation
AO1
Levelling = removing or downplaying details
Sharpening = adding or exaggerating details.
A03
Loftus and Palmer (1974) showed a car crash when they said hit/smash pps said higher speeds
Evaluate reconstructive memory model
Schemas
A01
Schemas are grouped memories
AO3
can be used to support dementia - reminisce old memoroes and events to activate comfortable schemas.
