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Nutrition and Health final > Childhood Growth > Flashcards

Childhood Growth Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

Breastfeeding (even just for a few days) will reduce risk of (3) because of ?

A
  1. overweight/obesity
  2. T1 diabetes
  3. asthma
    - immune properties of milk
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2
Q

Complementary foods and beverages (CFBs) should NOT be introduced before __ months –> between __-__ months is accepted but no benefits/dangers shown from __-__ months compared to __ months.

A
  • before 4 months
  • betwee 4-5 months accepted vs 6 months
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3
Q

CFBs should be rich in (3). why?

A

iron, vit C and zinc
- iron and zinc stores depleted after 6 months –> no iron in breast milk
- vit C helps with iron absorption

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4
Q

Preventing allergies:
before: ?
now: ?

A

before: wait around 1 year for GI to be mature enough
VS now: introduce peanut and egg after 6 months may reduce risk of allergy

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5
Q

food allergies affect __-__% of < 4 y-o

A

6-8%

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6
Q

How to food protein elicit immunological response?

A

antigen = lock = protein from food –> recognized as harmful substance by immune system
- antibody = key

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7
Q

studies show that increasing peanut dose of peanut to child who is allergic will ?

A

build up tolerance and make response less threatening

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8
Q

anaphylactic shock? how to treat?

A
  • decrease blood pressure + vasodilatation + trouble breathing
  • administer epinephrine to increase blood pressure + medical help
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9
Q

Most serious allergies

A

soybeans, milk, eggs, wheat, fish

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10
Q

Food intolerances –> Produces ___________ but no ____________ –> not an ________________
common symptoms?

A

produces symptoms (can be anaphylaxis) but no antibodies –> not an immune reaction
- stomachaches, headaches, rapid HR, nausea, wheezing, coughing, hives

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11
Q

Public health strategy for allergies/food intolerances?

A

food labeling!

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12
Q

Signs of readiness for infant’s first food (3)

A
  • able to site with support
  • can control head/neck movement –> prevents chocking
  • infant is 4-6 months old
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13
Q

At 6 months, 3 things that allows infant to start eating food

A
  • better swallowing mechanism and gag reflex
  • kidney more mature to process waste
  • iron stores depleted = need to start eating food
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14
Q

Infant’s first solid foods –> start with ______ rich foods, then give _________
Tips (2)

A

iron rich foods
- fruits and veggies (pureed)
1. introduce one food at a time to check allergy
2. no sugar/salt added: natural taste of food

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15
Q

when to begin giving textured f and v vs bread/cereals to infants?

A

f and v –> 6-8 months
- bread/cereal: 8-10 months

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16
Q

Infant feeding:
- avoid (4)
- encourage (4)

A

avoid:
- sweets, bottle at bedtime, force feeding, chocking hazards
encourage
- self-feed (baby led weaning), cut food in thin strips (not circles), try new foods, stress-free environment

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17
Q

What shape should food be for infants? why?

A

long and rectangular, easier to grasp
VS circular and hard –> can get stuck in esophagus

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18
Q

Why avoid honey until _ year old?

A

risk of botulism –> below 1 y-o can’t metabolize toxins from spores –> causes paralysis and death

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19
Q

Why should we limit sugar and sugary bev in kids foods? (3)

A
  • leaves less room for E from nutrition foods
  • related to risk of overweight/obesity
  • may set stage for greater intake of sugar later in life
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20
Q

Baby-led weaning (around - months) promotes (3)

A
  • hand-eye coordination
  • self regulation (eat what they want, how much they want)
  • independance
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21
Q

which milks should be avoided before 2 year old? why?
- if child is allergic to milk, what to do?

A

skim, partially skimmed (1-2%) or fortified soy beverage
- less fat, less calcium
- if child allergic to cow milk, stay on formula

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22
Q

Better to switch to lower fat once child is 2 years old?

A
  • higher fat milk for longer = decrease risk obesity
  • but might be that skinny children are fed whole milk to fatten them up
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23
Q

age 1 or age 2 deposits more fat than lean tissue? what about the other one?

Study These Flashcards
A

age 1: more fat than lean
age 2 (toddler); more lean than fat

24
Q

Energy:
- newborn baby
- infant
- adult
- 1 year old
- 6 y-o
- 10 y-o

Study These Flashcards
A
  • newborn baby: 450 kcal/day
  • infant: 110 kcal/kg bc growing fast
  • adult: 30-40 kcal/kg (2000 kcal for 150lbs)
  • 1: 800 kcal
  • 6: 1600 kcal
  • 10: 2000 kcal
25
Carb and fibers needs in infants/kids? + benefits fiber recs for men and women adults?
- 130g CHO/day --> do not restrict! important for brain dev - Fiber: 19g (1-3 years) and 25g (4-8 y-o) --> promotes bowel mvt - women: 25g vs men: 38g
26
Fat recs for kids: AMDR - 1-3 y-o: - 4-18 y-o: - adults: - higher fat = ?
- 1-3 y-o: 30-40% - 4-18 y-o: 25-35% - adults: 20-35% - better brain development
27
Length vs height
length: <2y-o height: 2-18 y-o
28
child aged 2-5: percentile - risk of underweight - healthy weight - risk of overweight - overweight - obese
- <3rd - 3-85th percentile - 85-97 - 97-99 - >99
29
What to do if aged 2-5 is obese? (3)
- prevent further weight gain - don't want to restrict cals bc of loss of nutrients - let them grow taller + exercise
30
child aged 5-19: percentile - risk of underweight - healthy weight - overweight - obese - severely obese
- <3rd - 3-85th percentile - 85-97 - 97-99 - >99
31
Difference between 2-5 and 5-19 BMI percentile cut-offs?
2-5: may grow taller all of a sudden, hard to classify strict cut off - older: more clear cut-offs
32
What deficiency in children can cause misbehavior and impair thinking? why?
Iron deficiency - lack of iron reduces energy + affects behaviour, mood, attention span and learning ability
33
Most widespread nutrition problem in children? high income vs low income?
Iron deficiency - high income: picky eaters - low income: lack of access
34
Give iron supplements to children?
be very careful! prescription only - iron toxicity = leading cause each year in toddlers/children who accidently ingest iron pills
35
How to prevent iron deficiency in kids?
7-10mg iron per day - get from food! pasta, fortified cereals/grains, mushroom, plums, dried peaches
36
Consequences of increased screen time for children? (5) --> cycle ish
increase screen time = reduces metabolic rate --> become more sedentary --> uses up time that could be spent being active + increase btw-meal snacking --> least likely to eat f & v --> likely to become obese
37
General dietary/setting recs for children (5) + focus on
- variety of foods - limit sat. fat, sugar, juice - drink water - family meals - encourage fun moments focus on - moderation! - balanced meals and snacks - healthy eating environment
38
Guidelines for how children should spend their times: sleep, step, sweat, sit
- Sleep: 9-11 hours (5-13) vs 8-10h (14-17) + consistent bed and wake-up times - Step: light physical activity --> several hours of structure and unstructured - sweat: moderate to vig PA --> at least 60min/day + muscle and bone strenghtening >3 days per week - sit: no more than 2 hours per day
39
One of leading causes of child mortality? mainly where? (4)
undernutrition - Africa, India, south America, Asia
40
WHO definition of malnutrition: wasting vs overweight
- < -2 SD from median of child growth standard under 5 = wasting - > +2 SD from median = overweight
41
Severe acute malnutrition cut off/severe wasting --> how many SD from median? Why did WHO make this cut-off?
(-3) - because less than 1% of children below -3SD in well-nourished populations
42
Causes of death associated with severe wasting - common theme?
neonatal, pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria, measles, HIV/AIDS, injuries, others - infections!
43
Wasting definition?
causing someone to become weaker and emaciated
44
Acute vs long term Protein Energy undernutrition (2 each)
Acute: - wasting - low weight for height Chronic: - stunting --> compromised growth and height - low weight for age and low height for age
45
Classifying PEU: - primary: what? caused by (6) vs - secondary: what? consequences (4)
Primary: - malnutrition due to inadequate intake --> undernutrition - poverty + low food supply + poor quality of food + armed conflicts + political turbulence + natural disasters Secondary: - malnutrition due to diseased state - affects appetite/metabolism + decreased intake/absorption + increased losses + increased requirement
46
Marasmus: - what? --> they can grow, but (3) - how old? - Deficiency of ? - develops fast or slow? - < ____% of typical weight for age - weight loss? + wasting? - appearance? - appetite? - mental/behaviour symptom
- "successful" adaption to PEM --> they can grow but compromised growth, health impact and can die - infants < 2y-o - deficiency of macros and energy --> leads to micronutrient deficiency - slow - 60% - severe weight loss and muscle wasting, including heart - skin and bones appearance - good appetite is possible, when food is available - anxiety and apathy, nervous and agitated
47
Kwashiorkor: - what? - presents with ____________ beyond physical impact - how old? - causes (1 OR 1) - develops slow or fast? - ___-___% of average weight for age - appetite? why? - appearance? - 2 physiological consequences + explanation
- "unsuccessful" adaptation to PEU - with additional health issues beyond physical impact - 1-3 y-o, when child is weaning from breast feeding - protein deficiency OR infection - rapid onset - 60-80% - loss of appetite bc fluid retention - not skin and bones --> some muscle wasting + fat retention - edema (fluid retention which makes them look not wasted) + fatty liver (high levels of glycaemia in blood leads to fat accumulation + low level of prots = impacts ability to transport lipids to other parts of system (lipoproteins)
48
Edema - process? - usually where? - when pressure is applied... ?
- plasma proteins leave leaky blood vessels and move into tissues --> protein attracts water, causes swelling - lower part of body - leaves an indentation --> not elastic, doesn't bounce back
49
Compromised growth from PEU will lead to decrease of (4)
- development (physical, social, cognitive) - adult productivity - reproduction - potential of society as a whole
50
Long term consequences from PEU = infections ish --> 4 + common infections
- fever (lack of antibodies) - anemia (hemoglobin no longer synthesized in same extent) - dysentery (infection of GI tract --> diarrhea --> decrease electrolytes and hydration) - fluid imbalances - common infections: pneumonia, urinary tract infections, measles, tuberculosis, parasitic infections
51
Rehab for SAM/PEU/undernutrition (4)
- primary approach = restore fluid and electrolyte imbalances - nutrition intervention --> cautious to ensure good metabolic adaptation - treat infections - programs have to involve local people
52
Downward spiral of malnutrition (6)
malnutrition and stress (infection, disease, other illness) --> altered metabolism + loss of appetite --> impaired nutrition status --> weakened immunity --> worsened disease --> further deterioration of nutrition status
53
Double burden of malnutrition in countries that are __________ like _________ --> what happens there?
socioeconomically transitioning like Indonesia - decrease undernutrition BUT increase overnutrition
54
Undernutrition --> increase risk of (2) Overnutrition --> increase risk of ?
- child mortality and poor development - chronic disease
55
Food security definition
exists when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to maintain healthy and active life
56
Poverty and obesity paradox: poverty --> leads to 2 things --> schéma
poverty can lead to hunger --> inadequate intake of E, prots, vit, minerals --> malnutrition - poverty can lead to food insecurity --> inadequate intake of E, prots, vit, minerals --> malnutrition OR insecurity --> excessive intake of E, fat and sugar --> obesity

Nutrition and Health final (9 decks)

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