childhood pneumonia Flashcards
(10 cards)
factors contributing to childhood pneumonia:
— pollution
Indoor and outdoor
Smoking
Underlying nutritional status
Access to water, sanitation and hygiene
Low — coverage
info about air pollution :
-In 2019, 99% of the world’s population was living in places where the WHO air quality guidelines levels were not met.
-Indoor air pollution was responsible for 3.2 million premature deaths in 2019, including over 237,000 deaths of children <5 years
-Outdoor air pollution is lethal and contributed to 4.2 million premature deaths in 2019, including almost 154,000 deaths of children <5 years
-Approx. 50% of deaths from acute LRTIs among children <5 in low- and middle-income countries are attributed to — (soot) inhaled from indoor air pollution.
air
vaccines
particular matter
indoor air pollution:
Heating or cooking using – or — with insufficient —
Coal, charcoal, firewood, crop wastes, animal dung
Disproportionately effects — and — globally
Household chores such as cooking and collecting firewood
More time spent exposed to harmful smokes
outdoor air pollution :
1-Fossil fuel — :
Lignite coal, industrial processes, open burning of waste and waste incineration, agricultural practices, construction and demolition
2- — processes:
Dust storms and volcanic eruptions
Forest fires
3- 2nd highest risk for —- diseases
kerosene or solid feuls
ventilation
women n children
fossil fuel combustion
natural process
noncommunicable diseases
effects of air pollution:
Respiratory diseases:
— respiratory tract infections
Chronic — pulmonary disease
Asthma
Lung cancer
Cardiovascular diseases:
Stroke
Myocardial infarction
There is also evidence of links to — , —, —–related morbidities, tuberculosis, nasopharyngeal and laryngeal cancers
lower
obstructive
blindess , dementia , preggo related
approach to the problem:
Policies
Industry: clean technology, improved waste management (solid waste burning regulations)
Energy: access to affordable clean household energy solutions
Transport: Clean modes of power generation, walking and cycling networks in cities, low-emissions vehicles and fuels
Urban planning: Energy efficient buildings
Power generation: Increase use of low-emission fuels and renewable power sources (like solar, wind, hydropower)
Health-care activities: putting health services on a low-carbon development path
smoking:
40% of children worldwide exposed to — smoke
The risk of — illness increases by 60-70% if one or both of the parents smoke
Increases risk of –
Increases — from pneumonia
Risk of serious respiratory infection in early life is — in children whose parents smoked, especially if — years of age
2nd hand
respiratory
pneumonia
mortality
higher
<2 years
1- access to water, sanitation , and hygiene:
It is estimated that over 1,000 children under 5 die every day from WASH-related diseases
Climate change could increase the number of people affected by water stress in sub-Saharan Africa from 325 million in 2000 to over 700 million in 2050
Exacerbated by –
2- limitation of manegmenrt of childhood pneumonia globally:
Access to —
Access to — facilities
— :
Antimicrobial and non-antimicrobial
—
overcrowding
diagnostics
healthcare
treatment
vaccination
underlying nutritional status:
A severely undernourished child is – more likely to die from common infections like pneumonia
Risk of death from pneumonia increases with — severity
— are especially susceptible to pneumonia
Babies who are exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months of life are — likely to contract or die from pneumonia
9x
malnutrions
newborn
less
access to diagostics:
Detecting childhood pneumonia can be difficult, relying on signs & symptoms is crucial
Almost complete lack of access to pulse oximetry
Difficulty in access to chest x ray
access to healthcare facilities:
Need to improve —
Globally, only 68% of children with suspected pneumonia are taken to a healthcare facility
In Somalia or Benin, only 46% are taken to a healthcare facility
Particularly in – settings
Need to improve availability of — health services:
Local primary health care at a — level
Method for referral and transport
Invest in health workers:
It is estimated that 18 million more healthcare workers are needed by 2030 to achieve targets set in reducing childhood pneumonia
WHO recommend 44.5 doctors/nurses/midwives per 10,000 people
care seeking
rural
high quality
community level
treatment ( antimicrobial ) :
— x – days is recommended by WHO
— , — effective
Appropriate antimicrobial prescription is estimated to reduce neonatal pneumonia mortality by 42%
treatment ( non antimicrobial ) :
Very difficult access to medical O2
Children die of hypoxia
UNICEF Oxygen plant in a box
A large multihospital quasi-experimental study in Papua New Guinea with an intervention of hypoxaemia detection by pulse oximetry, together with oxygen therapy with an assured oxygen supply from oxygen concentrators, resulted in a 35% significant reduction in mortality from severe pneumonia in patients admitted to hospital.
amoxicillin 5x
affordable and highly effective
difficulties encountered:
Many countries do not have explicit —- with regard to the use of antibiotics by Community health workers (CHWs) for the treatment of pneumonia
Some policies do not allow CHWs to prescribe antibiotics
— to provide antibiotics
Introduction of new vaccines can provide a platform for the provision of other commodities such as antibiotics
Low —
Need to have a plan to ensure availability of contingency stocks of drugs and other supplies appropriate to the needs of children including antibiotics for pneumonia
guidlines
platform
stock
