China Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
CCP
A
Communists
2
Q
KMT
A
Nationalists
3
Q
A
4
Q
What was the outcome of the overthrow of the Ching dynasty?
A
Landlords took over.
5
Q
Which two parties gained popularity during the civil war?
A
Nationalists/KMT and CCP.
6
Q
What was the initial relationship between the KMT and CCP?
A
They took control from the landlords together.
7
Q
What triggered the KMT and CCP to start fighting each other?
A
Power struggles after initially cooperating.
8
Q
What event caused the KMT and CCP to join forces temporarily?
A
Japan attacked.
9
Q
What was the USSR’s role in the conflict between KMT and CCP?
A
Supported KMT and insisted on including some CCP in the effort.
10
Q
What significant event did the CCP undertake while fighting against the KMT?
A
The Long March.
11
Q
What key factor helped the CCP eventually win against the KMT?
A
Gaining support from peasants through respectful policies and equality.
12
Q
What was the Hundred Flowers Campaign?
A
Encouraged openness but turned against critics.
13
Q
What was the Great Leap Forward?
A
An initiative to improve agriculture that resulted in famine.
14
Q
How many people died as a result of the Great Leap Forward?
A
50 million.
15
Q
What was the Cultural Revolution?
A
A campaign involving the ‘Little Red Book’ and destruction of the ‘Four Olds.’
16
Q
What did children have to carry during the Cultural Revolution?
A
A Little Red Book with quotes from Mao.
17
Q
What was the ‘Four Olds’ campaign?
A
Encouraged destruction of anything that did not fit with the party.
18
Q
Fill in the blank: Mao’s policies aimed to provide women with _______.
A
Equal opportunities.
19
Q
What traditional practice regarding women did Mao abolish?
A
Foot binding.
20
Q
What was the impact of Mao’s policies on women’s marriage choices?
A
Women were no longer forced to marry whom their parents chose.
21
Q
What was one tactic used by the CCP to gain support?
A
Making their soldiers disciplined to be walking propaganda
22
Q
List three rules from Mao’s guidelines for soldiers.
A
- Return and roll up the straw matting on which you sleep
- Be courteous and polite to the people and help them when you can
- Don’t take liberties with women
23
Q
What is guerrilla warfare?
A
A tactic used in total war that requires political/ideological motivation
24
Q
True or False: Mao believed that anyone could be a soldier.
A
True
25
What was the outcome of the Xiang River crossing during the Long March?
It was an utter failure for the CCP
26
What significant event occurred at the Zunyi Conference?
Mao emerged as leader and the Twenty-eight Bolsheviks were discredited
27
What was a key strategy used by the CCP against the KMT?
Luring the KMT into the deep to stretch their supply lines
28
Fill in the blank: The KMT engaged in ________ campaigns against the CCP.
encirclement
29
What was the strategy of consolidation used by the CCP?
Modifying policies to appeal to local landowners while gaining support from peasants
30
What was the role of foreign support in the civil war's outcome?
The USA supported the KMT, but it had limited impact on the outcome
31
What did the Treaty of Versailles lead to in China?
Increased disillusionment and membership in the CCP
32
What was the effect of the Japanese invasion starting in 1937 on the CCP?
It allowed the CCP to retrain and regain numbers
33
Fill in the blank: Mao's policy during the Sino-Japanese War was 70% ________, 20% dealing with the GMD, and 10% fighting the Japanese.
expansion
34
What was the impact of inflation on the GMD during the Sino-Japanese War?
It hit the middle class hard as they lost land and the GMD had to print more money
35
What did the CCP aim to achieve in the Ya’an province?
Self-sufficiency
36
What did Mao declare as a 'New Democracy'?
A peaceful, united China behind a democratic dictatorship of the working class
37
What were the goals of the 1951 Three-Antis Movement and the 1952 Five-Antis Movement?
To attack corruption, forcing bosses to attend humiliating struggle meetings and engage in self-confession
38
What percentage of businessmen were found guilty during the Antis campaigns and how many executions occurred?
99% of businessmen found guilty; 500 executions took place
39
What was the purpose of the Agrarian Reform Law passed by Mao in 1950?
To end the land ownership system of feudal exploitation and redistribute wealth
40
How many landlords are estimated to have been murdered during the Agrarian Reform?
Up to five million landlords
41
What hierarchical system did Mao create to maintain control?
Six actions of China ruled through factions and a hierarchical system
42
What was the 1954 resolution on the Unity of the Party about?
It banned factions within the party
43
What did Mao launch in 1953 with Soviet assistance?
A Soviet-style 'Five Year Plan'
44
What were the main focuses of Mao's 'Five Year Plan'?
Mass industrialisation with a focus on coal, steel, and petrol
45
What were some of the showcase projects created by Mao?
A gigantic bridge over the Yangtze River and an expanded Tiananmen Square
46
What was Mao's reaction to Khrushchev's secret speech?
Mao was appalled and denounced Khrushchev as a 'revisionist traitor'
47
What was the Hundred Flowers campaign?
A campaign for free exchange of ideas and criticism to promote dialectical progress
48
What was the outcome of the Hundred Flowers campaign?
Mao underestimated the criticism aimed at him and the party
49
What campaign did Deng Xiaoping initiate in response to the Hundred Flowers campaign?
The Anti-Rightist campaign
50
What was the goal of the Great Leap Forward launched in 1958?
To collectivize people further into larger units run in a military fashion
51
What was the Anti-Pest Campaign and its consequences?
Campaign to exterminate pests; led to famine due to disruption of ecosystems
52
What was the outcome of Mao's encouragement for peasants to smelt their own steel?
Produced unusable steel and lack of farm equipment
53
How many people died from the man-made famine during the Great Leap Forward?
50 million people
54
What was Mao's response to criticism from Peng?
He fired Peng and threatened to use the army against critics
55
What did Deng Xiaoping and Liu Shaoqi suggest to improve the economy?
Reducing commune sizes and allowing grain to be sold
56
What was the reaction to Mao's tactics after the famine?
Mao disliked them and labeled Deng and Liu as capitalist roaders
57
What was the Campaign Against the Four Olds?
A campaign led by Lin Bao to eliminate old ideas, culture, customs, and habits
58
What symbol became associated with the cultural revolution initiated by Mao?
The little red book
59
What was the significance of the mangoes sent by Mao to workers?
Symbolized the cult of personality and became part of the 'mango fever'
60
What was the Up to the Mountains and Down to the Countryside movement?
A movement where the army learned from the peasants in the countryside
61
What was the outcome of Lin Bao's plot against Mao?
Lin was exiled and killed in a plane crash
62
What was the Shanghai Communiqué?
An agreement between China and the US to improve relations
63
What was the CCP's approach to control heavy industry and banking?
The CCP took control of heavy industry and banking while allowing lighter industries to remain under surveillance
64
How did the CCP address hyperinflation?
By creating a new currency
65
What was the role of the Poliburo in the CCP?
The top of the system with ultimate power over all party, government, and military matters
66
What were 'reform through labour' camps?
Forced labour camps used by the CCP
67
What was the competitive nature of the Great Leap Forward and its effects?
Led to terrible treatment of peasants and starvation used to enforce obedience
68
Fill in the blank: The Great Leap Forward aimed to catch up with the _______ by 1973.
West
69
True or False: The famine during the Great Leap Forward was caused by natural disasters.
False
70
What was the 19th century known as due to foreign exploitation of China?
The century of shame
71
What were the Opium Wars primarily about?
British selling opium to China and China banning it
72
What significant event occurred in China in 1911?
The Manchu dynasty was overthrown
73
What movement erupted in China in response to being ignored by the big three in 1919?
The May Fourth movement
74
What two independence movements arose in China?
* KMT (Nationalists)
* CCP (Communists)
75
Who was the first ruler of the KMT?
Sun Yat-sen
76
What was the period of cooperation between the CCP and KMT against warlords?
1924-1927
77
What happened between the KMT and CCP from 1927 to 1937?
They turned on each other
78
During which years did the KMT and CCP unite against Japan?
1937-1946
79
Who proclaimed himself the leader of China on October 1, 1949?
Mao Zedong
80
What was the consequence for men in China at the start of the 20th century regarding hairstyles?
Men were forced to wear a braid or lose their head
81
What term was used to refer to imperialists in China?
Foreign devils
82
What was the condition of the Soviet Union for supporting the KMT?
Some members of the CCP were allowed to join
83
What event started the civil war in 1927?
The Shanghai massacre
84
What did Mao focus on instead of the proletariat in 1927?
The peasantry
85
What law did Mao implement in 1928 to help peasants?
Mao’s Land Law
86
What did Mao do to rivals from the Anti-Bolsheviks League?
Executed 20 of his rivals
87
What was the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931?
An invasion that led the communists to invite Chiang to form a second united front
88
What was Chiang's response to forming a second united front?
He refused and prioritized defeating the communists
89
What was the 'Fukien Revolt' of 1934?
A revolt within Chiang's party
90
What was the outcome of Mao's guerilla warfare against the nationalists?
He used 3 million peasants
91
What social reform did Chiang refuse to invest in?
Social reforms and the New Life Movement
92
What happened to Mao's forces during the Long March?
95% of them died
93
What significant event occurred in 1937 regarding Japan?
Japan declared all-out war on China
94
What was the result of Chiang being kidnapped?
He created a second united front with the KMT and CCP
95
What were Mao’s 'Eight rules' used for?
To win the support of the peasants
96
What campaigns did Mao launch in 1942?
* Rectification campaigns
* Self-criticism sessions
97
When did China and the USA become allies?
In 1941
98
What did General Stilwell publicly refer to the KMT as?
A moribund, anti-democratic regime
99
What did the Japanese do after their surrender?
Abandoned their weapons to the CCP
100
What led to mass desertion from Chiang's army in 1949?
Hyperinflation
101
What campaigns did Mao use to defeat the KMT?
The three great campaigns
102
How did European imperialism weaken China?
* Exploited China
* Destabilized the Manchu dynasty
* Forced unfair treaties
103
What was one major consequence of regionalism in China?
Different warlords took over different areas
104
Who was the first president of the Republic of China?
Sun Yixian
105
What was Yuan Shikai's approach to power?
Ruled as a military dictator
106
What was the May Fourth Movement?
A student-led mass demonstration in 1919
107
What key obstacles existed to establishing a central government in China in 1911?
* Exploitation by imperial powers
* Division by warlords
108
What role did foreign involvement play in creating tension in China?
* USSR's influence on CCP and KMT
* USA's encouragement of cooperation
