Historiography

Question 1

Determinists

Answer 1

Events are invitable and the product of their history

Question 2

Struturalist/ Functionalist

Answer 2

Events are not invitable but they are shaped by the condition of the world at the given time.

Question 3

Intentionalist

Answer 3

Evil genius’/ particular important figures are able to manipulate the masses to get what they want

Question 4

Germany had a special path and that it was inevitable that Hitler would come to power

Answer 4

Sonderweg - Determinist

Question 5

Germany did not have a special path than it was not inevitable that Hitler came to power

Answer 5

Ian Kershaw - Functionalist

Question 6

“there was something magical about mussolini”

Answer 6

Brian sullivan - Humanist

Question 7

Human factors/ Humanist

Answer 7

People shape history and individuals play big roles in the shaping of history

Question 8

Structural factors/Structuralist

Answer 8

People and the individual play much less of a role than larger structural systems

Question 9

Soviet historians

Answer 9

Economics are the reason for every event in history

Question 10

Europe slithered into a war, it was not intentional, merely a big accident(WW1)

Answer 10

David Lloyd George

Question 11

“Germany must have her place in the sun”(WW1)

Answer 11

– Kaiser Wilhelm II

Question 12

“Revolution from above + Lenin the villain”

Russian revolution

Answer 12

Liberal Historians

Question 13

“The Soviet experiment turned totalitarian not despite its being socialist but because it was socialist”

Answer 13

Martin Malia - Liberal Historian

Question 14

“Revolution from below + Lenin the hero”

Russian revolution

Answer 14

Marxist Historians

Question 15

“Revolution from below + Lenin the villain”

Russian revolution

Answer 15

Revisionist Historians

Question 16

”[Josef Stalin] gives the impression of a large and crude claylike figure, a golem, into which a demonic spark has been instilled. [He was nonetheless] a man who perhaps more than any other determined the course of the twentieth century.”

Answer 16

Humanist – Robert Conquest

Question 17

‘An avalanche of monstrous charges, nightmarish allegations, incredible scenarios and random arrests overwhelmed swaths of the population while terrified, vindictive or simple minded appartachiki (party officials) flung denunciations at all and sundry

Answer 17

• Chris Ward

Question 18

Marx’s quote “religion is the opuimum of the masses”

Answer 18

Marx

Question 19

“it’s a spiritual gin where slaves of capital drown their sorrows”

Answer 19

Lenin

Question 20

“religion serves to defend explotation and stufies the working class”

Answer 20

Lenin

Question 21

‘Shoot them like partridges’

Answer 21

Trotsky about the Kronstadt rebellion

Question 22

“We are making economic concessions to avoid political concessions.”

Answer 22

Lenin about NEP

Question 23

Roy Menvedev: “The name of Stalin and faith in him to some degree pulled the soviet people together , giving them hope of victory”

Question 24

Averell Harriman:“There can be no doubt that he was the one that held the Soviet Union together”

Question 25

Averell Harriman:“Stalin the national leader in an emergency”

Question 26

Khurshchev - “Not Stalin but the party as a whole, the soviet government, our heroic army, its taleneted leader and brave soilders, the whole soveit nation - these are the one who assured victory”

Question 27

R. Overy: “Part of the answer to soviet victory must lie with Stalin”

Question 28

D.Volkogonov: “Highly amaturish and incompetent military leadership”

Question 29

D.Volkogonov: “Soviet people were able to withstand not because of Stalin’s genius but in spite of it”

Question 30

Putin “a new era began and a new democratic russia was born” Babich “They had to go through economic crisis” Babich “He was a man of the people” in response to was he a heavy drinker “The Yeltsin years created a top-down authoritative presidential system to force through the implementation of shock therapy in Russia. Putin would inherit this authoritative political infrastructure and further consolidate it.”

Question 31

Rasputin “The Tsar can change his mind from one minute to the next; he is a sad man, he lacks guts” Orlando Figes “It was not a weakness of will that was the problem but a wilful determination to rule from the throne, despite the fact he lacked the qualities to do so.” ‘Nicholas II is not fit to run a village post office’ unknown cabinet minster “The daily work of a monarch he found intolerably boring. He could not stand listening long or seriously to ministers’ reports, or reading them.” Written by Kerensky Nicholas’ problem was that he could understand many points of view and wavered between them … his personality meant that he was not very good at exercising it.” From Nicholas II, Emperor of All the Russians, by Dominic Lieven, 1994. Nicholas was “even more poorly prepared than his father for the burdens of kingship. Nicholas had no knowledge of the world of men, of politics or government to help him make the weighty decisions that in the Russian system the Tsar alone must make.” From H. Rogger, Russia in the Age of Modernisation and Revolution, 1983

Question 32

“The failure was not his but the world” “Gorbachev was good as messiah but lost as a politician.”

Question 33

Those who wait for that must wait until a shrimp learns to whistle”

Answer 33

Khrushchev about the end of communism

Question 34

Khrushchev said to the West, “We will bury you” industry

Question 35

a continuer of Stalin

Answer 35

John Keep about Brezhnev

Question 36

Legitimacy=Existence

Answer 36

Brezhnev about why the Soveit Union should stay as it is

Question 37

“His character is the source of all our misfortunes”

Answer 37

Witte about Alexander III

Question 38

“We must go hungry but export”

Answer 38

Vyshnegradsky Alexander III's minister of fiance

Question 39

J. Stephen Graham said “Since he was a child Alexander believed ownership of serfs was contrary to the teachings of the Bible” Alexander II

Question 40

“Women’s role is in the kitchen and preferably pregnant.” - Mussolini “Wives and sardines keep best in sealed tins”

Question 41

A.J Gregor - Anti Feminist was not particularly the main interest of Mussolini or Facsism

Question 42

“Peace Bread and Land”

Answer 42

Lenin

Question 43

“We are nothing but the fist of the people beating their oppressors.”

Answer 43

CCP General

Question 44

“Revolution is not a dinner party.”

Answer 44

Mao’s excuse for guerilla warfare

Question 45

# Spainish civil war Examples of Revisionist historians

Answer 45

(Enrique Manduela, Stanley Payne, Edward McAfee)

Question 45

Revisionist Historians Main Arguments

Answer 45

Blame the Popular Front for the outbreak of the Civil War. Views on the Popular Front: The Popular Front’s determination to implement fundamental reforms created instability, increasing political disorder and social unrest. Some members of the Popular Front engaged in revolutionary violence, further exacerbating the situation. They argue that the Radical Republicans, the main centrist party, lacked leadership in defending constitutional democracy, which contributed to the collapse of the Republic. Edward McAfee argues that the left-wing alliance with the Socialists (which included the Communist Party) undermined the establishment of a strong center and opened the door for extreme violence.

Question 45

# al “power grows out of the barrel of a gun.”

Answer 45

Mao (Chinese civil war)

Question 46

# Spainish civil war Antonio Azora, Marta Vancouver: Argument

Answer 46

Main Argument: These historians emphasize the role of the Spanish Communist Party and their intention to crush right-wing opposition to the Republic. Views on the Popular Front: They argue that the Popular Front government contributed to the breakdown of Spanish democracy by accommodating the Communists’ goals of eliminating right-wing political opposition, which ultimately weakened the Republic and invited a military coup.

Question 46

# spainish civil war Helen Graham

Answer 46

The situation could have been different if Garcia Pinto had become prime minister. Garcia Pinto was seen as a potential leader who could have established a strong, reforming government to counter the military generals plotting against the Republic. She suggests that a moderate Republican-Socialist Coalition might not have prevented a coup because Spanish elites, particularly big landowners, were unwilling to make concessions on reforms. Helen Graham argues that the Spanish elites, especially the landowning classes, were key to the collapse of the Republic. Views on the Collapse: The "two black years" (1931–1933), marked by radical reforms that threatened the interests of elites, especially landowners, were crucial in alienating these powerful groups. Elite resistance to reforms created such deep divides that even a strong, moderate government could not have prevented the eventual breakdown of the Republic. Economic and social inequalities had persisted before the creation of the Second Republic, and without the acceptance of significant social reforms, the Civil War was unavoidable.

Question 46

# Spainish civil war Neil Frank Canest

Answer 46

Main Argument: This historian takes a revisionist approach and suggests that the Popular Front’s failure to effectively manage political disorder contributed to the outbreak of the Civil War. Views on the Popular Front: Canest argues that the Popular Front’s failure to control revolutionary violence and its inability to stabilize the political situation left Spain vulnerable to a coup and eventual civil war.

Question 46

# Spainish civil war Perry Anderson

Answer 46

Main Argument: Anderson suggests that the Popular Front’s attempts at reform triggered a backlash, but the Spanish elites' unwillingness to accept reforms was the primary cause of the Republic’s collapse. Views on the Collapse: He emphasizes that massive social and economic inequalities and resistance from elites (such as landowners) made reform almost impossible, which led to the eventual breakdown of democracy and paved the way for the coup.

Question 46

# Spainish civil war Paul preston

Answer 46

A more moderate government, especially one led by Garcia Pinto, could have prevented the war by firmly dealing with military conspiracies. Views on Leadership: A strong, decisive leadership could have resisted military plots and avoided civil war by stabilizing the political situation.