Russia Flashcards by H King

Lenin’s principles of propoganda

The ends justify the means

Lenin wanted back on all of his promises that he had given to gain power
He didn’t give the soldiers peace, the peasants land or the people bread
He excused all of these failings as it was just for the consolidation of his power and that it was all temporary

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Lenin’s principles of propoganda

Firstest with the mostest

Lenin was quick to manipulate words and meanings to intellectual disarm his opponents
He changed the meaning of his party to mean the majoritians which tricked the people into believing that they had the majority of votes and support
Calling his army the Reds and the other army the whites linked them with the French revolution which put his army on the side of the people and the whites on the side of the side of the discredited dynasty

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Lenin’s principles of propoganda

Never let a Crisis go to waste

Lenin used the fact of the bolsheviks having a monopoly on the press to his advantage to strengthen his message

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Lenin’s principles of propoganda

Demonisation

Lenin labeled his oppoants to be these evil monsters that needed to be stopped
He dehumanised them

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Lenin’s principles of propoganda

Propaganda of examples

Publicly making examples of people
Gassing villages and churches to make people afraid of you

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Lenin’s principles of propoganda

Blame your predecessor

The economic havoc was blamed on the tsar
He never admitted that the economic problems russia was facing was his fault and that the civil war had caused them

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Rise of the communists

How long did the Tsar’s family had ruled Russia for?

300 years.

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After the revolution what happened to noble families?

noble families fled for their safety.

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What was the two main reasons for the loss of respect for the Tsar?

Poor treatment of the army
Rumors and mockery of the Tsar and Tsarina spread, damaging their reputation

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What did the people believe about Rasputin and Tsarina?

People believed Rasputin ruled Russia through the Tsarina.

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When did the revolution begin and why?

on International Women’s Day as a protest against rationing.

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Who led the february revolution?

Female textile workers led the protests, politicizing the movement.

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February revolution

What changed the protest into a revolution?

Soldiers joined the protest, turning it into a revolution.

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What did the demands of the February Revolution protest start as and move to?

They shifted from demands for food to calls for an end to the war and Tsarism

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When did the Tsar abdicate?

Tsar Nicholas II abdicated on March 15

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What were the main weakness of the Provisional Government?

It lacked legitimacy and popular support.

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Kerensky

a key figure in the Provisional Government, was seen as the person who could unite the socialists and liberals

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Who were the opposition of the Provisional government and why?

It faced strong opposition from socialists and failed to address critical issues like war and land reform

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What was did the Provisional government do by continuing the war?

anger the people

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Soviets, workers’ councils, gained more power than the Provisional Government.
The Petrograd Soviet, mainly run by Mensheviks, adopted Order No. 1, limiting the Provisional Government’s authority over soldiers.
The Soviets distanced themselves from the bourgeoisie, focusing on worker safety.
Lenin’s Bolsheviks, however, wanted a full revolution, not just a democratic government.
6. Lenin’s Return and April Theses
Lenin was aided by the Germans to return to Russia, with hopes he’d destabilize the country.
Lenin’s April Theses called for peace, land, and power to the Soviets, rejecting cooperation with the Provisional Government.
Despite initial resistance, Lenin convinced the Bolsheviks to adopt his ideas.
7. The July Days
Discontent with the Provisional Government led to widespread protests, known as the July Days.
The protest was confused and disorganized, and was easily crushed by government troops.
Lenin fled to Finland, and the Bolsheviks’ reputation was damaged after being blamed for the unrest.
8. The Kornilov Affair
Kornilov, an army officer, attempted to march on Petrograd, allegedly to protect it from advancing German troops and unrest.
Kerensky condemned Kornilov’s actions and mobilized loyalists, releasing Bolsheviks to fight back.
Kornilov’s troops were stopped, and he was arrested, leading to the Bolsheviks claiming they saved the revolution.
9. Build-Up to Revolution (September 1917)
By September, Bolsheviks had gained control of the Petrograd and Moscow Soviets.
Cooperation between the Soviets and the Provisional Government decreased.
The Bolsheviks promised land to the peasants, gaining support for a revolution.
10. Kerensky’s Role and Mistakes
Kerensky underestimated the Bolsheviks and tried to suppress their newspapers.
His actions weakened the credibility of other socialists and contributed to the downfall of the Provisional Government.
Kerensky’s inability to resolve key issues like war and land reform led to the collapse of his leadership.

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Who led the Red Army during the Russian Civil War?

Trotsky.

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What were the main causes of discontent in Russia before the revolution?

Discontent stemmed from Tsar Nicholas II’s incompetence, the failures in World War I, the rise of the Bolsheviks, and the Women’s March in February.

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Who was the Soviet Foreign Commissar from 1918-1930?

Chicherin, who believed in close relations with Germany, was anti-British, and advocated for peaceful coexistence.

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What were the systematic cleansings in the Communist Party before the Great Purge?

A: From the 1920s onwards, Stalin began removing members from the party. Between 1932-35, 20% of the party was removed non-violently.

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How did Stalin rise to power after Lenin's death?

Stalin became General Secretary during Lenin's lifetime, and after Lenin's death, he manipulated people and made alliances to outmaneuver Trotsky, positioning himself as Lenin's successor. Stalin promoted the cult of Lenin to solidify his power.

Who were the Kronstadt sailors and what role did they play during the Russian Revolution?

The Kronstadt sailors were a group of naval soldiers who initially supported the Bolsheviks during the March Revolution and the July Days. However, in February 1921, frustrated by the harsh policies of War Communism, they rebelled, demanding equal rations and a "true" revolution.

Q: What were some key laws and reforms for women in Soviet Russia between 1924 and 1953? A: Women were given social welfare laws that guaranteed paid maternity leave, shorter working hours for nursing mothers, and protection from heavy work. Divorce laws were introduced, but many women faced challenges due to housing shortages, increasing domestic violence.

What was the significance of the Solidarity movement in Poland?

Solidarity was a trade union formed by ordinary workers in Poland, which grew into a powerful movement that opposed Soviet control. It showed that people could resist Soviet rule and, if given the chance, could overthrow it. It gained widespread support, even surpassing the communist party in popularity.

What body did Lenin create to consolidate Bolshevik power?

Lenin created the Sovnarkom, a new governing body made up entirely of Bolsheviks, to centralize power and exclude other communist factions.

Economic Reason for Abolishing Serfdom

The Russian Empire needed industrial improvement. Serfs couldn’t move to cities or work in factories, so free labor was preferable to forced labor. Serfdom led to low standards of living and little demand for goods, hindering industrialization.

Why had previous rulers of Russia not emancipated the serfs?

It was a large and complicated task. Risk of tampering with serfdom. Alexander I was against it, offering minor reforms that were unsuccessful. Concerns about rebellion and revolution. Easier to tax serfs when they were tied to the land. Catherine II's throne was unstable, preventing reform. Serfs were tied to middle income outcomes to prevent escape. Hierarchical society with serfs at the bottom.

Methods Used by Opposition Groups to Spread Revolutionary Activity

Populists visited peasant villages in 1873 to experience ‘true’ life, but peasants, weary from past treatment, didn't help. Populism split: some followed Marx to focus on industrial workers, while others tried again with the peasants. "Land and Liberty" group organized prison escapes and assassination attempts on government officials. They disguised themselves as peasants to organize revolts, but peasants were not receptive.

The Death of Tsar Alexander II and the Start of Revolutionary Time

Alexander II was assassinated in 1881. The end of the Crimean War highlighted the need for reforms, including the end of serfdom. Russia realized its reliance on serfs and the system wasn’t working. The emancipation of the serfs was a massive and risky undertaking. After defeat in the Crimean War, Russia felt unable to compete with other powers, pushing reforms forward. The end of the Crimean War made military reform urgent. There was a growing feminist movement during this time. 1861 marked the birth of a new society and a new Russia. The "peasant question" became a key issue in educated society: how to bring illiterate peasants up to modern standards. Youth, including aristocrats, became more radicalized. Alexander II struggled to meet his promises with the reforms. The speed of reforms may have contributed to Alexander’s downfall. Literature often discussed the idea of creating a utopia in Russia where everyone would be liberated and equal. Young revolutionaries went to villages but found peasants were not what they expected. Students created a revolutionary force, influenced by Western socialism and capitalism. Many Russians remained conservative and anti-liberal. The assassination was the start of the "People’s Will" revolutionary movement. Alexander III assumed the throne after the assassination and was very conservative, blaming reforms for his father’s death. Under Alexander III, autocratic rule was strengthened, but culture didn’t suffer much. Long-term, Alexander III’s crushing of reforms led to the loss of support for tsarism.

Alexander II - Modernization and Reforms

Alexander II modernized Russia, signing the Treaty of Paris. Liberated the serfs in 1861, earning the title "Tsar-Liberator." Modernized the judicial system, military, and education system. Assassinated in 1881 due to dissatisfaction with the speed of reforms.

Alexander III - Reign and Leadership

Alexander III believed in autocracy and worked to undo his father’s reforms. Known for his “Manifesto of Unshakeable Autocracy,” emphasizing his divine right to rule. His reign was marked by political repression, including the restriction of freedoms and targeted attacks on minorities.

What economic issue by 1985 contributed to the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe?

Poverty - 25% of citizens were below the poverty line by 1990, signaling the economic collapse of the Soviet Union.

Why are the Velvet Revolutions called "velvet" revolutions?

The Velvet Revolutions are called "velvet" because they were peaceful and non-violent transitions from communist rule in Eastern Europe.

What was Gorbachev's view on the conflict between capitalism and communism?

Gorbachev did not believe that conflict between capitalism and communism was inevitable and sought to reduce tensions between the two systems.

What were the key political and economic challenges during Brezhnev's leadership?

Political stagnation and gerontocracy Inefficiency, absenteeism, and poorly executed work Economic stagnation: focus on heavy industry, military spending, and poor consumer goods production Rampant corruption and "useless" jobs

What were some of the key issues at the start of Gorbachev's reign?

Agriculture: Poor productivity and inefficiency in the farming sector. Industry: Stagnation and outdated industrial practices. Lack of ideology: The Soviet Union faced a crisis of ideological direction after Brezhnev. War: Ongoing war in Afghanistan (1979-1989) that drained resources. Social issues: Economic inequality, poor living conditions, and corruption

How did Khrushchev respond when asked if communism would end?

He famously said, “Those who wait for that must wait until a shrimp learns to whistle.”

What was the impact of Alexander II’s liberation of the serfs?

Although the emancipation of the serfs was a major reform, it didn’t significantly improve the lives of the peasants. Serfs were still deeply in debt, and the process favored landowners over the peasants. The reform was seen as a step toward liberation, but it could be argued that it was motivated by the failure of the war, rather than a genuine desire for reform.

What was Nicholas II's belief about his right to rule?

Nicholas II believed in his divine right to rule, which contributed to his detachment from the realities of governing and his inability to address Russia’s social problems effectively.

What was the significance of the new Russian constitution in 1993?

The new constitution created a strong presidential system, centralizing power in the president and reducing the influence of parliament, but also promised human rights and freedoms.

What was Yeltsin's role in the collapse of the Soviet Union?

Yeltsin formed alliances with Gorbachev’s opponents, calling for the breakup of the Soviet Union, which gave him more power. He denounced Gorbachev's actions in Lithuania and rose as a hero during the 1991 hardliner’s coup.

How did Yeltsin handle the Chechen rebellion?

Yeltsin used force to keep Chechnya under Russian control when they attempted to declare independence, resulting in the First Chechen War (1994-1996).

What was "shock therapy"?

Shock therapy was a set of rapid market reforms implemented by Yeltsin, aiming for fast privatization and a transition to a free-market economy, supported by the IMF, Reagan, and Thatcher.

What were the economic consequences of shock therapy?

Shock therapy led to a 50% decline in GDP, hyperinflation (2000%), a massive wealth gap, rising poverty, and the enrichment of a small group of oligarchs.

What were the social impacts of Yeltsin's economic policies?

There was a rise in crime, a 100% increase in deaths from infections, a sharp drop in life expectancy, and widespread poverty, with many people living in dire conditions.

What happened during the 1993 Constitutional Crisis?

Yeltsin dissolved the parliament after it attempted to dismiss him. He used military force to suppress opposition, resulting in the shelling of the parliament and significant casualties.

What were the "Seven Bankers"?

The "Seven Bankers" were a group of oligarchs who controlled much of Russia's wealth, including key industries and media outlets, and helped keep Yeltsin in power.

How did Yeltsin secure re-election in 1996?

Despite low approval ratings, Yeltsin's re-election was influenced by support from the oligarchs, media manipulation, and strategic IMF loans that improved his popularity.

What were the economic results of Yeltsin's reforms?

Yeltsin's reforms caused a decline in heavy industry, economic collapse, and a rise in poverty. While national income stabilized in 1997, the country’s economy was in shambles.

What was the impact of Bloody Sunday on Russia?

Bloody Sunday led to a wave of strikes and unrest as the Russian people, initially seeking peaceful reforms, were met with gunfire. This event intensified opposition to the Tsarist regime.

How did Alexander II approach reform, and how did it end?

Alexander II was a reformer who aimed to improve the lives of Russian people but struggled to implement effective solutions. He was assassinated in 1881, which ended his reformist policies and left Russia in a more conservative direction.

What were the Red Army composed of?

The Red Army consisted of workers conscripted into service and the Kronstadt Sailors.

Who replaced Chicherin as Foreign Commissar in 1930, and what were his beliefs?

Litvinov, a Jewish diplomat, took over and believed in disarmament, pro-British policies, and collective security against fascism.

What was the Stalin Constitution and why was it introduced?

The Stalin Constitution of 1936 promised rights like freedom of speech, press, and universal suffrage, but it was a propaganda tool as these rights were subordinate to the "interests of the working class."

What did Lenin think about Stalin before his death?

Lenin grew concerned about Stalin’s handling of the Georgian nationality issue and, before his death, suggested Stalin be removed from his position of General Secretary. Stalin concealed this advice and continued to promote his image as Lenin’s successor.

What were the demands of the Kronstadt sailors during their 1921 rebellion?

The sailors demanded new elections, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly for labor unions, a conference of workers, the liberation of prisoners, and equality.

How did women's work and social conditions change after World War I?

Many women shifted from skilled to unskilled labor after the war, and were often favored less for jobs than men. This led to higher unemployment and some turning to prostitution or crime. Despite women working, men didn’t assist with domestic chores.

Why was the Berlin Wall built, and what did its demolition signify?

The Berlin Wall was built to prevent East Germans from fleeing to West Berlin and escaping Soviet control. The demolition of the wall in 1989 symbolized the end of Soviet dominance in Eastern Europe and demonstrated how the people could take action to dismantle oppressive systems. The wall guards even joined the revolution rather than resist it.

What happened with the elections to the Constituent Assembly in 1917?

The Bolsheviks won only 175 seats in the elections. Despite this, Lenin decreed that his form of government (the Bolshevik government) was superior to democracy and dissolved the Constituent Assembly after it met only once.

Social Reason for Abolishing Serfdom

Serf-owning nobles were falling into debt due to old agricultural practices failing. 66% of serfs were mortgaged as security for landowners, causing government debt.

What reasons, other than military concerns, led to the emancipation of serfs?

Humiliation from the loss in the Crimean War. Western ideological belief that emancipation was necessary for modernization and unity. Conservatives thought emancipation would restore true Russian heritage and brotherhood. Fear of rebellion. Emancipation was morally and religiously indefensible. Growing literature condemning serfdom.

Alexander II’s Response to Increased Opposition

Replaced liberal reformers with reactionaries. Strengthened police, tightened control of universities and press, and enforced “Russification.” Rejected reformist demands for a general assembly. After assassination attempt, agreed with conservatives to stop reforms. His commitment to reforms faded under pressure from critics.

Westeners vs. Slavophiles

Westeners: Wanted Russia to modernize and adopt Western ideas. Slavophiles: Desired to keep Russia distinct from Western countries, emphasizing patriotism.

Key Aspects of Alexander III’s Beliefs and Personality

His tutor, Pobedonostev, instilled conservative values of autocracy and anti-Semitism. Alexander III viewed liberal ideas, such as constitutions and free press, as threats to the state. Seen by many Westerners as crude, but he had strong conviction and a deep love for Russia. Believed in a Russia with one nationality, one language, and one religion.

What political movement had significant opposition to communism in Eastern Europe before 1985?

Solidarity - A major opposition movement in Poland, which successfully challenged communist rule.

What was a major criticism of Gorbachev’s policies regarding the collapse of the Soviet Bloc?

Critics blame Gorbachev’s policies for the collapse of the Soviet Bloc, arguing that his actions led to the weakening of the Soviet influence and allowed opposition to grow.

What did Gorbachev want to achieve with his military and foreign policy?

Gorbachev wanted to limit nuclear weapons and reduce his military forces to free up resources for domestic reforms.

How did Gorbachev's approach differ from Brezhnev in addressing these challenges?

Gorbachev introduced perestroika (restructuring), aiming for a mixed economy and partial market reforms. Gorbachev implemented glasnost, allowing more freedom of speech, media criticism, and political participation. These reforms aimed to modernize the economy and reduce political stagnation.

What were the main goals of perestroika and glasnost in Gorbachev's reform efforts?

Perestroika: Aimed to restructure the Soviet economy into a mixed system, introducing market reforms and rewarding productivity. Glasnost: Focused on openness, reducing censorship, and encouraging public debate to expose corruption and provide a more truthful view of society.

What was Khrushchev's approach to destalinization?

Khrushchev denounced Stalin and his cult of personality, which led to tensions with Mao. He was one of three ministers who took leadership after Stalin’s death. He ended Stalin's cult of personality and sought to distance the Soviet Union from Stalin's excesses.

# Khrushchve Opposition Groups and Their Members

Opposition groups included liberals and socialists. Most were made up of student revolutionaries. An influential student group called “Organisation” started at Moscow University. Student and peasant uprisings caused many liberals to either become conservatives or radicals. Populist movements: Narodniks (meaning "to the people"). Narodnaya Volya (meaning "the people’s will"). These groups posed an actual threat to the government.

Q: What was the political impact of Yeltsin’s actions? A: Yeltsin consolidated power, diminished democratic processes, and took unilateral actions to push through reforms, creating a top-down, authoritarian system.

Flashcard 3 Q: What did Rasputin think of Nicholas II? A: Rasputin famously said, “The Tsar can change his mind from one minute to the next; he is a sad man, he lacks guts.”

Flashcard 3 Q: What were the key elements of Alexander III's reign? A: The Manifesto of Unshakeable Autocracy: Alexander III reversed many of his father's reforms, promoting autocracy. He did set up the Peasant Land Bank to assist peasants but was largely strict with opposition. Despite his oppressive nature, there were no major conflicts during his reign, largely due to his strong governance and loyal ministers. Alexander III fired anyone who disagreed with him, making him a highly centralized ruler. Flashcard 4 Q: How did Nicholas II’s reign end and why was he seen as incompetent? A: Nicholas II was widely seen as incompetent and unfit to rule, largely due to his disconnection from the people. He inherited his father’s ministers, which helped him stay in power longer, but his reign eventually collapsed. He refused to listen to the people, as seen in his reaction to Bloody Sunday, where soldiers were sent to suppress unrest. He also became heavily influenced by figures like Rasputin and the Tsarina, which further damaged his reputation. Flashcard 5 Q: What was the significance of Nicholas II's attitude towards the Duma? A: Nicholas II wanted to remain an autocrat like his father and was unwilling to work with the Duma, which undermined his ability to govern effectively. His refusal to cooperate with the Duma contributed to the February Revolution and the eventual collapse of the Russian Empire.

Question: Who were the Whites in the Russian Civil War? Answer: The Whites were the anti-Bolshevik forces, including liberals, tsarists, foreign troops, members of the constituent assembly, and Social Revolutionaries. They were united by their hatred of the Bolsheviks.

Who were the main leaders of the White Army?

The White Army was led by Kolchak, Yudenich, and Denikin.

Who were the Greens in the Russian Civil War?

The Greens were anarchists, peasants' armies, and some social revolutionaries. They fought in local battles and had no central leader, although Nestor Makhno was a noted figure.

What event sparked the Russian Civil War?

The Civil War was sparked when Czechoslovak soldiers, who had fought for Russia, tried to return to their country and were stopped by the Bolsheviks, leading them to rebel.

How long did the Reds fight the Greens and Whites?

The Reds fought the Greens from 1918 to 1922, and the Whites from 1918 to 1920.

8. Question: How did the Russian Civil War end? Answer: The war did not have a clear peace treaty or end but rather "petered out," with no official resolution.

9. Question: What was the impact of the Civil War on Russia? Answer: The Civil War resulted in around 12 million civilian deaths, 3 million soldier deaths, the destruction of infrastructure, and a significant decline in industrial production.

10. Question: What were the major foreign interventions in the Russian Civil War? Answer: The Allies, including Britain, France, the USA, and others, backed the White Army to fight against the Bolsheviks due to fears of German stockpiles and the potential German advance.

11. Question: What was Trotsky’s role in the Red Army? Answer: Trotsky turned the Red Army into an effective fighting force using strict discipline, harsh methods like holding commanders' families hostage, and reintroducing traditional army structures.

12. Question: How did Trotsky deal with opposition within the Red Army? Answer: Trotsky dealt with opposition by placing political commissars in each unit to ensure loyalty and political correctness, and he enforced harsh military discipline.

13. Question: What was War Communism? Answer: War Communism was a series of measures introduced by the Bolsheviks, including grain requisitioning, nationalization of industry, banning private trade, and implementing labor discipline to support the war effort.

14. Question: What was the impact of War Communism on Russian society? Answer: War Communism caused significant economic hardship, including inflation, food shortages, and a black market. Workers' committees struggled to manage factories, and peasants were forced to provide grain without adequate compensation.

Question: What was the role of the Cheka during the Civil War? Answer: The Cheka was the Bolshevik secret police, responsible for suppressing opposition through terror. They used executions and intimidation to maintain control and instigate class warfare, especially targeting the middle class.

16. Question: What was the attitude of the Bolsheviks towards the middle class during the Civil War? Answer: The Bolsheviks encouraged class warfare, with some discussions about completely eliminating the middle class as part of their revolutionary agenda.

17. Question: How did the Bolsheviks treat opposition during the Civil War? Answer: The Bolsheviks used terror and repression against opposition groups, including workers angry over food shortages, anarchists, and Left Socialist Revolutionaries.

18. Question: How did Lenin view the assassination of the Tsar? Answer: Lenin claimed the assassination of the Tsar was carried out against his wishes, but evidence suggests he may have been involved, fearing international backlash due to the Tsar’s connections to other European monarchs.

19. Question: What was the role of foreign troops in Russia? Answer: Foreign troops, including those from Britain, France, Japan, and the USA, intervened in support of the White Army to fight against the Bolsheviks, fearing the spread of communism and the possibility of German influence.

20. Question: What was the main objective of the British soldiers in Russia during the Civil War? Answer: The British soldiers were sent to Russia as part of the Allied intervention, mainly to protect stockpiles from falling into German hands and to assist in fighting the Bolsheviks.

21. Question: What was Trotsky's role after the October Revolution? Answer: After the October Revolution, Trotsky became Lenin's number two, helping to plan the coup against the Provisional Government and later taking charge of foreign affairs and the armed forces.

3. Question: Who were the Whites in the Russian Civil War? Answer: The Whites were the anti-Bolshevik forces, including liberals, tsarists, foreign troops, members of the constituent assembly, and Social Revolutionaries. They were united by their hatred of the Bolsheviks.

4. Question: Who were the main leaders of the White Army? Answer: The White Army was led by Kolchak, Yudenich, and Denikin.

5. Question: Who were the Greens in the Russian Civil War? Answer: The Greens were anarchists, peasants' armies, and some social revolutionaries. They fought in local battles and had no central leader, although Nestor Makhno was a noted figure.

6. Question: What event sparked the Russian Civil War? Answer: The Civil War was sparked when Czechoslovak soldiers, who had fought for Russia, tried to return to their country and were stopped by the Bolsheviks, leading them to rebel.

7. Question: How long did the Reds fight the Greens and Whites? Answer: The Reds fought the Greens from 1918 to 1922, and the Whites from 1918 to 1920.

8. Question: How did the Russian Civil War end? Answer: The war did not have a clear peace treaty or end but rather "petered out," with no official resolution.

15. Question: What was the role of the Cheka during the Civil War? Answer: The Cheka was the Bolshevik secret police, responsible for suppressing opposition through terror. They used executions and intimidation to maintain control and instigate class warfare, especially targeting the middle class.

3. Question: Who was the Soviet Foreign Commissar from 1939-1949, and what was his approach? Answer: Molotov, who had no experience with the outside world and was a lifelong Bolshevik, believed in improving relations with Germany.

4. Question: What was Lenin's foreign policy regarding World War I and Europe? Answer: Lenin signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to withdraw Russia from WWI and admitted the failure of using Poland as a "red bridge into Europe." He also believed in dividing imperialist countries and signed the Treaty of Rapallo for economic cooperation with Germany.

5. Question: What was Comintern, and what did it aim to achieve? Answer: Comintern was the Communist International, aiming to spread revolution globally using the Bolshevik model. It controlled foreign communist parties and organized revolutions with strict Leninist discipline.

6. Question: How did Stalin's foreign policy change between 1924 and 1932? Answer: Stalin shifted focus to "socialism in one country," abandoning the global revolution of Comintern and creating tensions with Trotskyists. Communist parties were instructed to denounce social democratic parties, contributing to Hitler's rise. 7. Question: What achievements did the USSR have in foreign policy by the mid-1930s? Answer: The USSR was recognized as a power by other countries, had military and industrial agreements with Germany, and received official recognition from the USA. The USSR also joined the League of Nations in 1934. 8. Question: What was the significance of the USSR’s pacts with France and Czechoslovakia in 1935? Answer: The USSR signed mutual assistance pacts with France and Czechoslovakia to counter the threat of Nazi Germany, although neither side fully trusted the legitimacy of the pacts. 9. Question: How did Stalin handle the Comintern in the mid-1930s? Answer: In 1935, Comintern stopped attacking social fascists and began focusing on containing the spread of fascism, supporting governments with anti-German and pro-Soviet foreign policies. 10. Question: What was the Soviet foreign policy approach to Germany in the late 1930s? Answer: Stalin pursued improved relations with Nazi Germany, culminating in the 1939 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, which included non-aggression clauses and division of Eastern Europe between them. 11. Question: What was the Soviet Union's military preparedness before World War II? Answer: The USSR was unprepared for an attack, as Stalin ignored over 80 warnings about a German invasion and had purged key military leaders, weakening the Red Army's command structure. 12. Question: How did Stalin handle the German invasion during Operation Barbarossa (1941)? Answer: Stalin was caught by surprise and the USSR suffered huge losses, with millions killed or captured, but successfully staged counter-offensives, including at Moscow and Stalingrad. 13. Question: How did Stalin's leadership affect Soviet morale during the Great Patriotic War? Answer: Stalin’s speeches and presence in Moscow boosted morale, but his harsh policies, including Orders 227 (no retreat), led to high casualties and punishment battalions. 14. Question: What was the role of propaganda during the Great Patriotic War? Answer: Propaganda was controlled by Sovinformburo and played a crucial role in fostering hatred for Germans, promoting Stalin's image as a leader, and supporting the war effort. It also encouraged looting and brutality against German civilians. 15. Question: What impact did the Lend-Lease program have on the Soviet Union during WWII? Answer: The Lend-Lease program, particularly the supply of vehicles and resources, became essential for Soviet logistics and military strength, with about 1/3 of Soviet trucks coming from the US by 1944. 16. Question: What were the key factors in the Soviet victory in World War II? Answer: Key factors included Soviet military production, effective use of artillery, strategic planning by leaders like Zhukov, and German failures, such as underestimating the Soviet Union’s resilience and the brutal winter. 17. Question: What was the impact of Stalin’s purges on the Red Army? Answer: Stalin's purges decimated the officer corps, killing skilled military leaders like Tukhachevsky. This weakened the Red Army’s effectiveness and left it ill-prepared for the early stages of WWII. 18. Question: How did the geography and weather affect the German invasion? Answer: The harsh Russian winter, coupled with vast distances and Soviet defensive strategies, played a crucial role in hindering German forces during Operation Barbarossa, contributing to their failure. 19. Question: How did the Soviet war economy contribute to victory? Answer: Despite losing large portions of industrial capacity in 1941, the USSR relocated factories, created new ones, and focused the economy entirely on war production, outproducing Germany by mid-1942. 20. Question: What role did Stalin's decision-making play in the early Soviet war effort? Answer: Stalin's inflexible military strategies and refusal to listen to generals led to significant losses early in the war, but his later acceptance of military advice helped reverse Soviet fortunes.

Q: How did Stalin's wife’s death affect his behavior? A: His wife’s suicide in 1932, allegedly over Stalin’s economic policies and famines, is said to have either made him more paranoid or indifferent. Q: What was the Ryutin Affair? A: In 1932, Moscow party secretary Ryutin published a document denouncing Stalin as "the evil genius of the revolution." Stalin wanted him dead, but Kirov prevented it, increasing Stalin's paranoia. Q: What was the Kirov Affair and its significance? A: Kirov, a popular party leader, was assassinated in 1934. Stalin used his death to justify the purges. It's unclear if Stalin was behind the murder, but it was used as a pretext for mass arrests. Q: What were the Gulags? A: Soviet labor camps where prisoners were subjected to forced labor, torture, and death under harsh conditions. Q: What was the Great Terror (1936-1938)? A: A period during which Stalin purged the Communist Party and Soviet society, including executions, show trials, and arrests of party members, military officers, and ordinary citizens. Q: How did the purges affect the Communist Party? A: Stalin removed thousands of party members, including 1,108 out of 1,966 delegates from the 1934 Party Congress, with many being arrested, executed, or sent to the Gulags. Q: What role did the NKVD play in the purges? A: The NKVD, led by Yezhov, was responsible for carrying out Stalin's terror campaign. They arrested and executed millions, including members of the military and party, creating widespread fear. Q: What was the Yezhovshchina? A: The period of terror led by NKVD chief Nikolay Yezhov from 1937-1938, during which the purges reached their height, devastating the Soviet military and society. Q: What were the show trials? A: Public trials staged by Stalin to purge his political rivals. The accused, including old Bolsheviks like Zinoviev and Kamenev, were forced to confess to fabricated crimes under torture. Q: How did Stalin use propaganda during the purges? A: Stalin's propaganda portrayed him as a god-like figure, hiding his flaws, and cultivating a personality cult. All Soviet achievements were attributed to him. Q: What was Stalin's cult of personality? A: A propaganda campaign that elevated Stalin to god-like status. He was portrayed as a defender of the people, a charismatic leader, and even a divine figure. This cult peaked after World War II. Q: What were the reasons behind the purges? A: Stalin felt threatened by opposition, wanted to consolidate power, and eliminate perceived enemies. Economic difficulties, social instability, and the growing threat of war also contributed. Q: How did the purges affect the Soviet military? A: Many high-ranking officers were executed or imprisoned, including Soviet Marshals and Red Army generals. This weakened the military, causing long-term consequences for the USSR. Q: What was Stalin's view on the opposition? A: Stalin believed any form of opposition, whether from within the party, the military, or the population, was a threat to his power and to Soviet stability. Q: What happened after Yezhov’s removal in 1938? A: After Yezhov was replaced by Beria, Stalin called a halt to the terror. Yezhov was blamed for the excesses of the purges, and the mass arrests decreased, but the fear lingered. Q: How many people were affected by the purges? A: Between 1934 and 1939, it's estimated that 7-12 million people were executed, imprisoned, or died in the Gulags. The terror was responsible for the destruction of entire communities. Q: What was NKVD order 00447? A: A directive issued in 1937 that ordered the arrest of 250,000 people, which was later expanded to over 800,000. It was a quota-based system targeting various social and professional groups. Q: How did Stalin use terror to control the Soviet population? A: Through the purges and the Gulags, Stalin created a climate of fear, where people were afraid to speak out and would inform on others to save themselves or gain rewards. Q: What was the impact of Stalin’s new constitution? A: The 1936 constitution, published during the purges, promised freedoms like speech and privacy. However, these rights were undermined by Stalin's absolute control and repression. Q: How did Stalin’s personal paranoia influence his policies? A: Stalin’s fear of enemies both real and imagined led to widespread purges, including those within the NKVD and military, weakening the state and increasing repression. Q: Who was Trotsky, and how did he fit into the purges? A: Trotsky, a former Bolshevik leader, was exiled and ultimately assassinated by a Soviet agent in 1940. He was seen as one of Stalin's major rivals and a target for the purges. Q: What was Stalin’s role in the purges? A: Stalin was the architect of the purges, personally approving executions, sign-offs on arrests, and instigating the terror. Despite public denial, he was deeply involved in the execution of millions.

Flashcard 3: Stalin's Political Tactics Q: What were Stalin's political tactics to gain power? A: Stalin used manipulation, promising rewards for loyalty, and created alliances to defeat rivals. He also portrayed himself as Lenin’s true successor by linking his policies to Lenin's, despite Lenin’s desire for collective leadership. Flashcard 4: Stalin vs. Trotsky Q: How did Stalin outmaneuver Trotsky? A: Stalin portrayed himself as the true executor of Lenin's will, while Trotsky focused on Marxism principles. Stalin used his control over party bureaucracy and alliances with other leaders to weaken Trotsky’s influence. Flashcard 5: Stalin and NEP Q: What was Stalin's stance on the NEP? A: Stalin opposed the NEP (New Economic Policy) and instead pushed for rapid industrialization and collectivization. He believed the NEP's outcomes did not fit a communist society, which led to a shift in economic policy with the introduction of the Five-Year Plans. Flashcard 6: The Five-Year Plans Q: What were the goals and problems of Stalin's Five-Year Plans? A: The Five-Year Plans aimed for rapid industrialization, especially in heavy industry, and collectivization of agriculture. Problems included unrealistic production targets, shortages, disruptions in agriculture, famine, and the use of forced labor in gulags. Flashcard 7: Collectivization of Agriculture Q: What was Stalin's approach to collectivization? A: Stalin forced peasants into collective farms (Kolkhozy and Sovkhozy), blaming the kulaks (wealthier peasants) for the failure of the NEP. This led to widespread suffering, including famine, and mass deportations of kulaks. Flashcard 8: Impact of Collectivization Q: What were the consequences of collectivization? A: Collectivization led to the destruction of peasant livelihoods, famine (especially in Ukraine), and forced labor. The state took control of agricultural production, but food shortages and widespread hunger resulted. Flashcard 9: Stalin’s Policies on Industrialization Q: What were Stalin's industrialization policies? A: Stalin aimed to industrialize Russia rapidly through the Five-Year Plans, focusing on heavy industry. He targeted unrealistic production goals, leading to shortages and inefficiencies but creating a solid industrial base by 1941. Flashcard 10: The Impact on Workers Q: How did workers fare under Stalin’s Five-Year Plans? A: Some workers benefited from higher wages, better living standards, and career advancement opportunities, especially women and untrained workers. However, all workers suffered due to strict regulations, pressure to meet targets, and poor working conditions. Flashcard 11: The Purges and Stalin's Control Q: How did Stalin maintain control through purges? A: Stalin used purges to eliminate rivals within the party, including prominent figures like Trotsky, Zinoviev, and Bukharin. He created a climate of fear through forced confessions, executions, and gulags. Flashcard 12: Stalin’s Propaganda and Cult of Personality Q: How did Stalin use propaganda? A: Stalin promoted a cult of personality, portraying himself as a god-like leader who was the true successor of Lenin. His image was omnipresent, and achievements were credited to him, while dissent was silenced through fear and repression. Flashcard 13: Stalin's Economic Shift - The Great Turn Q: What was the Great Turn? A: The Great Turn marked Stalin’s shift from the NEP to central planning through the Five-Year Plans. This represented a move toward a command economy, aiming to increase industrial production and establish socialism in one country. Flashcard 14: Stalin's Relationship with Bukharin Q: How did Stalin handle Bukharin? A: Stalin outmaneuvered Bukharin, who supported the NEP, by initiating the Five-Year Plan and turning public opinion against him. Bukharin was eventually purged during the Great Terror. Flashcard 15: Historians' Views on Stalin Q: How do historians view Stalin’s rise to power? A: Historians offer different interpretations: Some view Stalin as a manipulative opportunist (Robert Conquest, C. Ward), while others emphasize his political skill and luck (M. McCauley). Some argue that Stalin's rise was aided by the weaknesses of his opponents, especially Trotsky. Flashcard 16: The Impact of Stalin's Rule on Soviet Society Q: What was the overall impact of Stalin's rule on Soviet society? A: Stalin’s rule led to mass repression, purges, and a cult of personality. While industrialization achieved some success, the economy suffered from inefficiencies, and millions of people were imprisoned, executed, or died in forced labor camps. Flashcard 17: The Role of the NKVD Q: What role did the NKVD play under Stalin? A: The NKVD (People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs) became an essential tool for Stalin’s purges, rounding up perceived enemies of the state, conducting show trials, and managing the labor camps that were integral to Stalin's repression and control. Flashcard 18: Stalin's Legacy Q: What is Stalin’s legacy? A: Stalin is remembered for both his industrialization achievements and the horrific repression of his people. His policies led to the Soviet Union becoming a major global power but at an immense human cost.

Flashcard 3: Trotsky's Response to the Kronstadt Rebellion Q: How did Trotsky respond to the Kronstadt sailors' rebellion? A: Trotsky used the army to suppress the rebellion, threatening sailors with death if they didn't comply. He also held their families hostage, and the Cheka backed the army, leading to the killing of 10,000 soldiers. Flashcard 4: Effects of the Kronstadt Rebellion Q: What were the effects of the Kronstadt rebellion on the Bolsheviks? A: The rebellion led to a loss of faith among socialists worldwide in the Bolsheviks. Lenin realized that War Communism needed to be reformed and later developed the New Economic Policy (NEP) to address these issues. Flashcard 5: The New Economic Policy (NEP) Q: What was the NEP and how did it differ from War Communism? A: The NEP was a policy that allowed limited capitalism to stimulate the economy. It abolished grain requisitioning, replaced it with a tax on grain, allowed private trade, and reopened small businesses. The state retained control over heavy industry. Flashcard 6: Lenin's View on the NEP Q: How did Lenin view the NEP? A: Lenin saw the NEP as a temporary concession to avoid political unrest. He stated, "We are making economic concessions to avoid political concessions." Despite opposition, the policy ultimately helped stabilize the economy. Flashcard 7: NEPmen and Social Consequences Q: Who were the "NEPmen" and what social issues arose during the NEP? A: The NEPmen were entrepreneurs who profited from the new private market, trading city goods to peasants and vice versa. This led to a "get-rich-quick" society, with increased crime, prostitution, and gambling, which the government did little to stop. Flashcard 8: The Scissor Crisis Q: What was the "scissor crisis" during the NEP? A: The scissor crisis was the economic problem where food prices dropped as they became plentiful, while industrial goods prices remained high, creating an imbalance between the prices of agricultural and industrial products. Flashcard 9: Repression During the NEP Q: What forms of repression existed during the NEP? A: Repression included censorship (prepublication censorship and deportation of critics), show trials (especially targeting SRs), and crushing peasant revolts like the one in Tambov, where the Red Army destroyed rebel villages. Flashcard 10: The Cheka's Role Q: What was the Cheka and what role did it play in Lenin's government? A: The Cheka was Lenin’s secret police, responsible for carrying out the Red Terror, implementing executions, imprisoning political opponents, and using torture and hostages to maintain control. Flashcard 11: Lenin's Use of Terror and Coercion Q: How did Lenin use terror and coercion to maintain control? A: Lenin relied heavily on terror, banning political factions within the Bolshevik Party, using the Red Army to crush opposition, and empowering the Cheka to execute, imprison, and oppress perceived enemies of the revolution. Flashcard 12: Dzerzhinsky and the Red Terror Q: Who was Felix Dzerzhinsky and what role did he play in the Red Terror? A: Dzerzhinsky was the head of the Cheka and was known for his ruthlessness in enforcing the Red Terror. He believed in using extreme measures, saying, "We are not in need of justice. It is war now… Life or Death!" Flashcard 13: Bolshevik Repression Against Class Enemies Q: How did Bolshevik repression affect the so-called "class enemies"? A: "Class enemies" (aristocrats, middle class, and political opponents) were severely oppressed, facing executions, forced labor, and severe rationing. Many did not survive the harsh conditions, and the Cheka targeted their families as well. Flashcard 14: The Renaming of the Cheka Q: What happened to the Cheka in 1922? A: In 1922, the Cheka was renamed the GPU (State Political Directorate), continuing its role as the primary tool of political repression and state security under Lenin’s regime. Flashcard 15: Censorship Under Lenin Q: What was the state of censorship during Lenin's rule? A: Censorship was strict, with prepublication approval required for all writings. Writers, scholars, and critics were deported or persecuted for opposing the government. The state also monitored and controlled religious institutions. Flashcard 16: Bolshevik Foreign Relations and Comintern Q: How did the Bolsheviks approach foreign relations during Lenin’s rule? A: Lenin hoped to spread the revolution to Europe and created the Comintern to support global communist uprisings. However, this only alienated Western powers and weakened Bolshevik influence in other countries. Flashcard 17: The Treaty of Rapallo Q: What was the Treaty of Rapallo? A: The Treaty of Rapallo, signed in 1922, was an agreement between Soviet Russia and Germany. It recognized each other’s sovereignty, canceled debts, and established economic and military cooperation, marking a step toward international recognition for Soviet Russia. Flashcard 18: Lenin's Shift in Foreign Policy Q: How did Lenin's foreign policy change over time? A: Initially focused on spreading revolution, Lenin shifted toward peaceful coexistence with capitalist countries by the mid-1920s, seeking trade agreements to stabilize the Soviet economy and avoid further isolation.

Flashcard 3: Kollontai's Vision for Women Q: What were Alexandra Kollontai’s views on women’s roles in society? A: Kollontai believed women’s lives should center around paid work and that domestic work should be taken over by the state. She advocated for marriage based on love, and mothers should surrender children to the state. She also promoted socialism and was an important leader in the Soviet government. Flashcard 4: The Great Retreat (1930s) Q: What policies were part of Stalin’s Great Retreat regarding women? A: The Great Retreat saw a return to traditional values: marriage was emphasized as serious, abortion was outlawed (except when the woman’s life was at risk), divorce was made more difficult, and child support payments were fixed. Flashcard 5: Women in the Great Patriotic War Q: What roles did women play in the Great Patriotic War (WWII)? A: Women served as nurses, doctors, snipers, partisans, and bomber pilots ("Night Witches"). They also played key roles in industry and agriculture. However, they faced worsening conditions, including malnutrition, long working hours, and running households alone. Flashcard 6: Women’s Industrial Work During WWII Q: How did the percentage of women in industry and agriculture change during WWII? A: The percentage of women in industry rose from 41% to 53%, and in agriculture from 40% to 80%. However, women faced harsh working conditions, including long hours and malnutrition. Flashcard 7: Stalin’s Youth and Education Policies (1924-53) Q: How were the youth central to Stalin's propaganda efforts? A: The youth were a central part of Stalin's propaganda, with education focusing on political values, atheism, and communist ideals. The government aimed to decrease the authority of teachers, remove discipline, and eliminate religion in education. Flashcard 8: Education During Stalin's Rule Q: What was the state of education under Stalin? A: Education became more focused on practical, industrial skills and atheism. The state pushed for universal education but couldn't afford it. Teachers had little authority, and many students still held onto religious beliefs. Flashcard 9: The Cultural Revolution and Youth Engagement Q: How did the Cultural Revolution impact the youth? A: In the 1930s, the youth became more engaged in the Communist Party. Education became tailored toward industrialization, and Komsomol (the youth organization) became a key pathway for joining the party and gaining privileges. Flashcard 10: Stalin's Attack on Religion (1924-53) Q: How did Stalin continue Lenin's anti-religious policies? A: Stalin continued the war on religion by promoting atheism through the League of the Godless and destroying religious sites. Religious holidays were replaced by secular events, and the clergy were persecuted. Churches were closed, and religious gatherings were banned. Flashcard 11: The Soviet War on Religion Q: What actions did Stalin take to undermine religion? A: Stalin's government destroyed churches, prohibited religious gatherings, and introduced anti-religious propaganda. He also created secular practices, such as holding weddings in front of portraits of Lenin instead of altars, and renamed children with revolutionary names. Flashcard 12: Stalin and Islam Q: How did Stalin handle Islam in the Soviet Union? A: Islam was given some leniency, especially in Central Asia, to avoid alienating Muslim-majority regions. However, Stalin still pursued anti-religious policies, and women’s literacy campaigns were a key focus, even though efforts to ban the veil met with resistance. Flashcard 13: The Hujum Campaign Q: What was the Hujum campaign, and what was its outcome? A: The Hujum campaign focused on ending the inequality in Islamic areas, particularly targeting women’s rights. It increased literacy but faced backlash, with many women resisting the removal of the veil and facing harassment. Flashcard 14: Religion During the Great Patriotic War Q: What role did religion play during the Great Patriotic War? A: During the war, the Orthodox Church became less persecuted and more important. Religious prayers were allowed, and religious institutions helped raise money for the war effort. Churches and mosques were reopened, and religious tolerance increased. Flashcard 15: Religious Policy After WWII Q: How did religious policy change after WWII? A: After the war, there was more religious freedom as long as religious leaders supported Stalin. The Orthodox Church even proclaimed Stalin as a leader by divine right. Anti-religious propaganda shifted to focusing on science instead of outright persecution. Flashcard 16: Lenin’s War on Religion Q: How did Lenin undermine religion in Soviet Russia? A: Lenin implemented laws separating church and state, nationalized church property, and banned religious education. The state also established the “Living Church,” a secular alternative to the Orthodox Church, to promote atheism and diminish the church's influence. Flashcard 17: Stalin's Five-Year Plan for Atheism Q: What was Stalin’s "Godless Five-Year Plan"? A: The "Godless Five-Year Plan" was launched in 1928 as an aggressive campaign to promote atheism and eliminate religious influence in Soviet society, using propaganda and state-sponsored efforts to spread anti-religious messages.

Flashcard 3: The Hungarian Revolution (1956) Q: What happened during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956? A: The Hungarian people rebelled against their Soviet-backed leader, who was forced to retire. Imre Nagy, a popular leader, was put in charge and sought neutrality and withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact. While some reforms were allowed, Khrushchev sent Soviet forces to crush the rebellion. Nagy was executed, and Soviet control remained firm. Flashcard 4: Czechoslovakia and the Prague Spring (1968) Q: What was the Prague Spring, and how did it end? A: The Prague Spring was a series of reforms in Czechoslovakia under new leader Alexander Dubcek, who introduced "socialism with a human face" and allowed greater freedoms, including the possibility of multiple parties. Tensions rose as the Soviet Union attempted to suppress these reforms. In August 1968, Soviet tanks invaded Czechoslovakia, removing Dubcek from power and ending the reforms.

Flashcard 3: Lenin Shuts Down the Press Q: How did Lenin handle opposition press? A: Lenin shut down all other press, starting with the right-wing press and later targeting other socialist publications to eliminate opposition. Flashcard 4: Suppression of Other Parties Q: What happened to the opposition parties under Lenin's rule? A: Lenin outlawed the Kadet party, arrested its members, and had some killed by Bolshevik sailors. He later suppressed the Mensheviks and Social Revolutionaries as well. Flashcard 5: Railway and Telegraph Workers' Strike Threat Q: What did railway and telegraph workers threaten if Lenin didn’t talk to other parties? A: Railway and telegraph workers threatened to strike unless Lenin engaged in talks with other parties. However, Lenin had no intention of including other parties in his government and ended all such discussions. Flashcard 6: Inclusion of Social Revolutionaries in Sovnarkom Q: Did Lenin include any other parties in his government? A: Lenin brought the Social Revolutionaries in as junior partners to the Sovnarkom but kept full control within the Bolshevik party. Flashcard 7: Land Decree Q: What did Lenin’s land decree state? A: Lenin told peasants to divide up land among themselves. However, the Bolshevik ideology rejected private land ownership, and land could no longer be bought, sold, or rented. Flashcard 8: Workers Control Decree Q: What was the Workers Control Decree? A: The Workers Control Decree allowed factory committees to control production and supervise management in factories, giving workers more power in the workplace. Flashcard 9: Decree on Rights of the People of Russia Q: What was the Decree on the Rights of the People of Russia? A: The decree granted the right of self-determination to Russia's minority nationalities, but this was largely a formality as the Bolsheviks had no real control over these regions. Flashcard 10: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Q: What were the consequences of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk for Lenin? A: The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, signed in March 1918, caused deep discontent within Russia. As a result, the Social Revolutionaries left the Sovnarkom. Flashcard 11: Lenin's Pragmatic and Forceful Leadership Q: How did Lenin consolidate power? A: Lenin was pragmatic and forceful in consolidating Bolshevik power. While trying to keep the people content on his own terms, he was also willing to use force and make quick, decisive actions to achieve his goals.

Front: Military Reason for Abolishing Serfdom Back: Serfs were subjected to corporal punishment and liable to be conscripted into the army. Managing a 25-year conscript army was costly and inefficient. Abolishing serfdom was necessary for external security. Front: Moral Reason for Abolishing Serfdom Back: Serfs were treated as animals, faced sexual abuse, and lived in poor conditions on the brink of starvation. It was inhumane and needed reform for social and industrial progression. Front: Practical Reason for Abolishing Serfdom Back: Growing discontent among peasants due to constant pressure to produce grain and conscription led to over 300 peasant uprisings before the Crimean War. Alexander II initially did not grant freedom to those who fought in the war, causing further unrest. Front: The Impact of the Crimean War on Russian Reforms Back: After the Crimean War failure, a modern army was needed, and the government was pressured to address debt. Serf conscription played a major role in the war, and there were rumors that serfs would be granted freedom in exchange for military service. Front: The Political and Social Tensions After the Emancipation Back: Reform efforts were risky, as changing landowners' rights and serfdom was a challenge. Financial systems were damaged, and the system of government was affected by serfdom. Front: Reforms and the Role of Feminism Back: The feminist movement, influenced by the West, sought educational reforms but found little support. Feminism became a key ideology, with women seeking higher education and rights. Front: Intellectual Divide in Russia During the 1860s Back: There was a divide between Westerners and Slavophiles in Russia. New educated individuals in the 1860s began questioning the existing system and pushing for reforms, creating an intellectual force for change. Front: The ‘To the People’ Movement Back: Educated gentry sought to connect with the peasantry, moving into villages to promote reforms. However, this movement failed due to police resistance and misconceptions about the peasants. Front: Assassination of Alexander II Back: Alexander II faced multiple assassination attempts (8). Peasants wanted him dead because reforms were insufficient and needed to start from the bottom up. His assassination marked the beginning of political upheaval. Front: Aftermath of Alexander II's Assassination Back: Following his death, a conservative shift occurred, and Russia saw increased censorship. The reforms of Alexander II were dismissed, signaling the end of the Tsarist era and the beginning of the Bolshevik revolution. Front: The End of Tsarism and Rise of Bolsheviks Back: The assassination of Alexander II and the failure to address political and social revolutions led to the overthrow of the monarchy. The 1890s saw a decadent movement, marking the transition toward Bolshevik rule. Front: The Choice Between Social or Political Revolution Back: Russia often faced a choice between social or political revolution but chose politics, leading to the downfall of the monarchy and the establishment of the Bolshevik regime.

Front: What was the impact of the emancipation for the serfs? Back: Serfs had to pay back the state over 50 years. No immediate changes; a transitional period followed. Serfs couldn't move, and ownership was transferred to the community. Lost access to woods and fields and had to pay for entry. Serfs' ownership was removed from nobility, affecting the nobility's landholdings. Front: What was the impact of the emancipation for the nobility? Back: Some nobles sold land and moved to cities, others fell into a stupor, not selling land. Nobles became a pressure group acting for their own interests, not government reforms. "The Cherry Orchard" play exemplifies nobility's nostalgia and loss of heritage. Front: What other reforms were prompted by the abolition of serfdom? Back: 1870s populism movement: university students moved to the land to learn from the serfs. Reform of local government. Military reform. Judiciary reform. Front: How successful was the emancipation act? Back: It created problems for the police, as they had to track 40 million people. Alexander II's son, Alexander III, and Nicholas II didn't continue reforms, leading to failure. By 1905, serfs’ conditions had not improved: they remained in rural areas, illiterate, with problems like alcoholism and domestic violence. The act was peaceful compared to other historical reforms (e.g., U.S. Civil War). Front: How did Michael Lynch view the emancipation of the serfs? Back: Liberator: Alexander II argued that emancipation was necessary for stable military and domestic reforms. The Russian emancipation was considered better and smarter than the U.S. slave liberation due to land provision. Non-Liberator: Landlords benefited from keeping the best land. Peasants received difficult-to-maintain land. Serfs had to pay back for land with 100% mortgages, leading to financial strain. The government urged serfs to stay in their localities to avoid discomfort. Emancipation was motivated by the desire to stop uprisings and create ideal soldiers. Peasants were seen as “dark masses” and not a force to be reckoned with. Lynch called it “an outstanding example of tsarist ineptitude.”

Front: Audrey’s Ideas: Alexander II as Tsar-Liberator Back: Alexander II emancipated the serfs, abolishing slavery, earning the nickname 'Tsar-Liberator.' Modernized Russia by improving the judicial system and building railroads. Assassinated in 1881 by revolutionaries who wanted faster reforms. Emphasized the contrast in his reforms, which were often incomplete. His reign involved some liberalizing actions, but also reactions to conservatism. Front: Alexander II’s Relationship with Slavophiles and Reform Back: Slavophiles were proud Russians opposed to modernization and Western ideas. After ascending the throne in 1881, Alexander II stopped conscription, released terrorists, and eased censorship. Encouraged debate on the issue of emancipation, though reforms were slow and incomplete. Front: Evidence of Liberalizing Ideas from Alexander II Back: Wrote to his father at 19, advocating for better conditions for prisoners in Siberia. In his early career, worked on railway development and serfdom committees. After the Crimean War, decided reforms couldn’t be delayed. Released political prisoners, eased censorship in universities, and allowed more freedom for the Catholic Church in Poland. Surrounded himself with Westernizing bureaucrats, such as the brothers Nikolai and Dimitri. Took steps to abolish serfdom, a radical move for a Tsar. Front: Evidence of Traditional/Reactionary Ideas from Alexander II Back: Alexander II was not a full liberal; he maintained autocratic power. Emancipation of serfs was driven by fear, not philanthropy. Allowed nobility to decide how serfs were treated, delaying immediate changes. Appointed conservatives like Prince Alexi Orlov to key positions. Though he introduced reforms, he did not want to rush changes to the system that underpinned Russia’s economy and society. "He had no intention of rushing through immediate changes" (Crankshaw). Fear, not philanthropy, pushed him to emancipate the serfs for Russia's survival (Alan Wood).

Front: Evidence of Alexander II’s Liberalizing Ideas Back: Had a liberal tutor encouraging open-mindedness. Sympathized with the people after traveling across Russia. Married Marie Alexandrakov against his father’s wishes. Took various government roles, including chairing an inquiry into serfdom. Allowed the Catholic Church in Poland greater freedom. Permitted less censorship in universities. Released political prisoners, including some involved in a plot to kill his father. Eased travel restrictions and canceled taxes owed. J. Stephen Graham: Alexander believed ownership of serfs was contrary to the Bible. Denounced serfdom early in his reign, believing American slavery was inhumane. Front: Evidence of Alexander II’s Traditional/Reactionary Ideas Back: Feared and respected his autocratic father. Kept most of his father's ministers. Did not want immediate change; only acted due to the Crimean War. Alan Wood: Reforms motivated by "fear, not philanthropy." Believed in the necessity of reforms but wanted to avoid responsibility for their failure. Chose landowners to implement reforms, giving them the upper hand over peasants. The serfs were given tiny, poor-quality land and forced to pay high prices. The mir (village commune) replaced landowners in policing the peasants. Emancipation was to improve control over the population and the army. Front: Emancipation of the Serfs - Reasons for Past Failure Back: Previous rulers didn’t emancipate serfs because it was easier to tax them and keep them tied to the land. Serfs were seen as a source of stability in a hierarchical society. Catherine the Great considered emancipation but couldn’t afford to make changes due to her shaky throne. Front: Reasons for Emancipation of the Serfs Back: Moral & Religious Reasons: Serfdom was considered inhumane by intellectuals. Crimean War: Russia’s defeat led to a push for reform. Literature Growth: Literature condemned serfdom, gaining support for its abolition. Support from Reformists: Westernizers and some Slavophiles supported emancipation. Fear of Rebellion: Growing unrest and uprisings among the serfs. Economic & Military Concerns: Serfdom was a barrier to industrialization and a drain on military resources. Front: Impact of Emancipation of the Serfs Back: For the Serfs: Land was provided, but they had to pay for it over 49 years. The land given was often poor-quality, and peasants had little freedom. Serfs still had to serve in the army and were restricted in movement. Lost access to forests and woods. For the Nobility: Disappointed with the terms, as they lost control over the peasants. The government hoped the nobility would take on new responsibilities but they refused. Front: Reforms Prompted by the Abolition of Serfdom Back: Judicial Reform: Created an independent judiciary. Educational Reform: Aimed to address illiteracy and modernize Russia. Military Reform: Established a conscript army instead of one based on serfdom. One reform couldn’t fix all of Russia’s issues. Front: Success of the Emancipation Act Back: Conditions for the serfs didn’t improve much; they remained illiterate and poor. It was a major social reform, freeing 22 million people with very few deaths. Some peasants prospered, but the majority faced continued hardships. Front: Why Alexander II Emancipated the Serfs Back: Economic Reasons: Serfs had little incentive to do well as landlords would raise rent if the serfs were prosperous. Emancipation was needed for industrial development, as serfdom kept the demand for goods low. Military Reasons: Serfdom made maintaining a large conscript army inefficient. Reformers argued that shorter periods of military service would be more effective. Moral and Practical Reasons: Intellectuals and Westernizers believed it was inhumane. Serfs were mistreated, leading to uprisings and instability. Abolishing serfdom would improve conditions for most Russians.

Front: Alexander III's Views on Religion and Power Back: Claimed that God had instated him as Tsar and that Christians believed in the Tsar’s divine right to rule. Described his father as a martyr and condemned the assassins as “monsters.” Encouraged religious unity and demanded that people adopt Russian names and learn Russian.

Front: How did Gorbachev's policy of Glasnost contribute to the collapse of communism? Back: Glasnost (openness) allowed more freedom of speech and media, which exposed the flaws of the Soviet system and eroded public support.

Front: What were some of the challenges faced in post-Soviet Russia after the Velvet Revolutions? Back: Post-Soviet Russia faced hardship due to neo-liberal capitalism, with jobs and social services being cut, and the new regimes not always being tolerant or democratic. Flashcard 4:

Flashcard 3: Front: What changes did Gorbachev make in Soviet foreign policy upon taking power? Back: Gorbachev replaced the foreign minister and brought in close advisors who supported diplomacy and negotiations with the USA. Flashcard 4:

What was the significance of perestroika and glasnost in Gorbachev’s reform efforts?

Perestroika aimed to restructure the economy towards a mixed model with partial free-market elements. Glasnost encouraged democratization, transparency, and public involvement in politics, allowing for greater freedom of speech and criticism of the government.

What role did Boris Yeltsin play in the political landscape of the Soviet Union during the Gorbachev era?

Yeltsin was critical of Gorbachev’s slow reforms and the Communist Party’s resistance to change. He was removed from his position in 1987 but continued to rise in political prominence, advocating for Russian sovereignty and radical economic reforms. His actions fueled Russian nationalism and challenged Gorbachev's authority.

How did Gorbachev's power and authority evolve during the late 1980s?

Gorbachev initially faced resistance from conservatives like Yegor Ligachev but gradually consolidated power. He shifted economic management to local soviets and created the Congress of People's Deputies. By 1988, he became the Soviet president with broader powers but still faced ongoing resistance from conservative elements.

How did Gorbachev’s foreign policy affect global relations?

Gorbachev worked to improve relations with the USA, reducing military spending and contributing to the end of the Cold War. His foreign policy allowed for the collapse of communist regimes in Eastern Europe, including the fall of the Berlin Wall and German reunification. These shifts weakened the Soviet Union's ideological authority, contributing to domestic instability.

How did economic challenges and nationalism contribute to calls for political decentralization during Gorbachev’s tenure?

Economic crises, worsened by perestroika, led to frustration and demands for greater autonomy from Soviet republics. Russian nationalism and calls for political decentralization grew, undermining Gorbachev’s authority and weakening the central control of the Soviet state. These movements contributed to the eventual collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.

What was the goal of glasnost, and how did it change Soviet society?

Goal: To combat corruption and promote transparency. Changes: Reduced censorship, allowing for more open discussion in media. Television showed the realities of Soviet society, something previously hidden from the public.

What was perestroika, and how did it impact the Soviet economy?

Perestroika: Economic restructuring that introduced market-based reforms and a mixed economy. Impact: Factories were incentivized to reward workers for increased output. Problems: Crime and unemployment increased as the system struggled with the transition. Gorbachev’s goal: “The economic capacity of the USSR will increase 100% by the year 2000” (which ultimately failed).

How did Gorbachev address the gerontocracy and the political leadership in the USSR?

Gorbachev worked to dismantle the gerontocracy (the aging leadership) by promoting younger figures like Boris Yeltsin and appointing a new foreign minister. This was part of his broader goal to bring fresh ideas and leadership to the country.

What was the significance of Gorbachev abandoning the Brezhnev Doctrine?

The Brezhnev Doctrine had justified Soviet intervention in Eastern Europe to maintain communist rule. End of the Cold War (1988): Gorbachev’s abandonment of this doctrine led to the collapse of the Iron Curtain, easing tensions in Eastern Europe. Poland in 1989: Led to the emergence of Solidarity and eventually democratic change. Berlin Wall: Taken down in 1990, symbolizing the end of Soviet control in Eastern Europe

What were the key foreign policy milestones during Gorbachev’s leadership?

1988 Geneva Accords: Signed by Gorbachev and Reagan, agreeing to reduce nuclear arms. 1988: Withdrew Soviet troops from Afghanistan, ending the costly war, although Afghanistan continued to struggle with war and destruction. Washington Summit: INF Treaty signed, agreeing to the elimination of intermediate-range nuclear weapons. Collapse of the Berlin Wall (1990): Marked the end of Soviet influence in Eastern Europe.

How did the end of the Cold War influence Gorbachev’s domestic reforms?

The end of the arms race and collapse of the Berlin Wall helped reduce military spending. Gorbachev’s reforms failed: While he succeeded in easing tensions internationally, his domestic economic and political reforms failed to stabilize the USSR. Yeltsin’s rise: After Gorbachev's reforms faltered, Boris Yeltsin took control, leading to the eventual collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.

What was significant about Khrushchev’s visit to the USA?

He was the first Soviet leader to visit the USA. His visit symbolized a thawing of relations between the Soviet Union and the West.

What were Khrushchev’s views on agriculture and how did his peasant roots influence his reforms?

Coming from humble peasant origins, Khrushchev pushed for agricultural reforms to modernize farming. He focused more on outcomes than methods. He introduced Virgin Lands Program and believed that Soviet agricultural systems could compete with the West.

What were the successes and failures of Khrushchev’s agricultural reforms?

Successes: Electricity production increased significantly from 1958 to 1965. The Virgin Lands Program cultivated millions of hectares. Grain production rose to 30 million tons under Khrushchev. Failures: Grain harvests were inconsistent, with a decrease in production by 1965. Corn crops failed to grow well. The MTS abolition and lack of proper infrastructure led to mechanization setbacks. Grain had to be imported from the US to avoid famine.

How did Khrushchev’s policies compare to Stalin’s?

Stalin’s rule: Focused on extreme centralization and poverty with constant threats of starvation. Khrushchev: Introduced consumer goods, increased wages, and aimed to reduce inequality between peasants and workers.

What were the key elements of Khrushchev’s industrial policies?

Khrushchev pursued a more decentralized economy, moving away from Stalin’s centralized approach. Created local councils (sovnarkhozy) for economic planning, though they were often poorly coordinated. Focused on consumer goods and regional development, especially through the seven-year plan.

What were the successes and failures of Khrushchev’s industrial reforms?

Successes: Significant rise in consumer goods like washing machines. Increase in secondary education and improvements in healthcare. Space exploration: Khrushchev oversaw the first manned spaceflight. Failures: Poor coordination in local councils and shortages of raw materials. Low quality of consumer goods and slow rise in disposable income. Limited availability of essential items, such as fridges.

What was Khrushchev's foreign policy approach to the Hungarian Revolution of 1956?

Khrushchev sent Soviet forces to suppress the Hungarian Revolution after attempts to leave the Warsaw Pact. He was firm in maintaining Soviet control, but allowed some reforms, and executed Imre Nagy, the leader of the Hungarian resistance.

How did Khrushchev's foreign policy differ from Stalin’s?

Khrushchev embraced peaceful coexistence, which meant that capitalism and communism could coexist without war. Unlike Stalin, Khrushchev sought diplomacy and wanted to increase Soviet influence globally, especially in the developing world. He prioritized reducing tensions and avoiding war while still protecting Soviet interests.

What were Khrushchev’s goals during the Cuban Missile Crisis?

Khrushchev aimed to defend Cuba, close the missile gap, and bargain with the US. After the crisis, he managed to maintain Cuba as an ally and secretly removed missiles from Turkey as part of the agreement with the US. His actions helped him present himself as a responsible peacekeeper.

What was the impact of the Sino-Soviet Split during Khrushchev’s rule?

The Sino-Soviet Split stemmed from ideological and national interests. Mao disagreed with Khrushchev’s de-Stalinization and criticized his approach to revolution and censorship. Relations deteriorated, especially after Khrushchev’s criticisms of Mao’s Great Leap Forward.

How did Khrushchev’s foreign policy contribute to Soviet power and influence?

Khrushchev’s “peaceful coexistence” aimed to show that the USSR could peacefully compete with the West. He sought to increase Soviet influence in the developing world and solidify the USSR’s role as a world power. Notably, he also sought to control Germany's position in NATO and made diplomatic efforts like the Geneva Summit.

What was Khrushchev’s view of Western capitalism?

He famously said, “We will bury you” to the West, expressing his belief in the superiority of Soviet communism. However, he ultimately sought peaceful coexistence, believing the Soviet system would become the envy of the world.

Major Grievances of the Opposition Groups

Common demands of opposition groups: All citizens of Russia should enjoy equal rights. Privilege should not exist. Ability and education, rather than birth, should confer rights to high positions. Public office appointments should follow an elective principle. The populists wanted to create a perfect society centered around peasants and the village commune.

What were the key challenges in Yeltsin’s second term (1996-2000)?

Yeltsin faced economic crisis (including the 1998 ruble devaluation), political instability, rising opposition from the CPRF, and mounting unpopularity.

How did Putin rise to power?

Amidst political and economic crises, Yeltsin appointed Vladimir Putin as prime minister in 1999, and Yeltsin resigned in December 1999, naming Putin as acting president.

How did Yeltsin’s presidency impact Russia’s economy and society?

Yeltsin's presidency resulted in hyperinflation, poverty, increased crime, a decline in life expectancy, and a highly unequal distribution of wealth, primarily benefiting oligarchs.

What did Yeltsin's reforms fail to achieve?

Yeltsin’s reforms failed to create the expected capitalist prosperity, leading to a significant economic collapse, no strong legal institutions, and a lack of protection for citizens.

What role did the Oligarchs play in Yeltsin’s government?

The oligarchs provided crucial financial and media support for Yeltsin, helping him stay in power, but also contributed to the centralization of wealth and political influence.

How did the Russian political system evolve under Yeltsin?

Yeltsin’s reforms created a more centralized, authoritarian political system, undermining democracy by limiting checks on presidential power and suppressing opposition.

What happened to Russia’s economy after Yeltsin’s resignation?

Russia’s economy remained in a state of crisis, with a high level of poverty and social unrest. Putin’s rise marked a shift toward more centralized control, but challenges persisted.

What was the impact of Yeltsin’s "shock therapy" on the Russian people?

The majority of Russians suffered as a result of shock therapy, facing rising poverty, inflation, and unemployment, while a small elite profited greatly from privatization.

Was communism completely dead by 2000?

While communist states collapsed, historians theorize that communism in a more liberal form could eventually replace capitalism or “Marxist-Leninist” style communism.

How did Orlando Figes describe Nicholas II’s rule?

Figes wrote: “It was not a weakness of will that was the problem but a wilful determination to rule from the throne, despite the fact he lacked the qualities to do so.”

What did an unknown cabinet minister say about Nicholas II?

The minister stated, “Nicholas II is not fit to run a village post office,” emphasizing the Tsar's incompetence in ruling the Russian Empire.

What was Kerensky’s observation about Nicholas II?

Kerensky wrote that Nicholas “found the daily work of a monarch intolerably boring,” and couldn’t handle long reports or serious deliberations from ministers.

How did Dominic Lieven describe Nicholas II’s decision-making?

Dominic Lieven said: “Nicholas’ problem was that he could understand many points of view and wavered between them, his personality meant that he was not very good at exercising it.”

What did H. Rogger say about Nicholas II's preparedness for leadership?

H. Rogger noted that Nicholas was “even more poorly prepared than his father for the burdens of kingship,” lacking knowledge of politics and government to make crucial decisions.

What was the Witte system, and how did it impact Russia?

The Witte system included: State subsidization of key industries (railways, coal, iron, oil). Russia became the world’s largest oil producer by 1900. Factory workers and industrial output doubled in the 1890s. Russia was placed on the gold standard, raising tariffs, and encouraging foreign investment.

What were the costs of Witte’s reforms?

Neglect of agriculture and overburdening of the peasantry. Dependence on foreign investments, which made Russia vulnerable to external economic fluctuations. Heavy taxation on the peasantry, contributing to continued poverty.

What was Witte's impact on education in Russia?

Witte promoted the building of 130 commercial schools, polytechnic institutes, and trade schools for peasants. He also created the first full census of the Russian population and established a telegraph agency to spread commercial news.

How were peasants living conditions described?

How were workers described in Russia during this period?

Workers endured long workdays (11-15 hours) in poor conditions, with emaciated figures returning from factories, underfed and badly clothed, especially in the cold winters.

What was Lenin’s revolutionary vision?

Lenin believed in a small group of committed revolutionaries to drive a proletariat revolution, rather than a broad membership party. He promoted Marxist theory and created the newspaper Spark, smuggling it back into Russia to spread revolutionary ideas.

Who were the Social Revolutionaries (SR), and what did they want?

The SRs sought to encourage the peasantry to take action, favoring worker cooperatives and small peasant communes. They wanted to change or remove the Tsarist regime and used terrorism and assassinations as tactics

How did World War I impact Russia politically?

The war caused significant economic strain and military defeats, leading to dissatisfaction and political discontent. The Progressive Bloc demanded more power for the Duma, but Nicholas II refused to cooperate, contributing to the eventual collapse of his regime.

Front: Alexander III's Policies on Jews and Nationalism Back: Encouraged attacks on Jews, known as "Pogroms," and passed the “May Laws” restricting Jewish rights. He planned that one third of Jews would convert, one third would die, and the last third would leave. His policies pushed for national unity, focusing on one nationality, one language, and one religion.

Front: Economic and Industrial Policies under Alexander III Back: His finance ministers, such as Vyshnegradsky and Witte, pushed for rapid industrialization. Vyshnegradsky sought to increase government control over the economy and advocated for exports even if it meant the Russian people would go hungry. Witte arranged loans from France to finance industrialization. Bunge, his finance minister, encouraged reforms to improve the treatment of women and child workers, but only a small number of inspectors were appointed. Front: Political and Educational Policies under Alexander III Back: Continued to ban unions, opposition parties, and ‘un-Russian’ books. No support for bright but poor children to help them attend school. Required professors to be appointed by the Tsar himself. Banned history teaching that didn’t align with the government’s views. Front: Alexander III's Aims for Russia Back: To consolidate power through autocracy and undo the reforms made by his father, Alexander II. Aimed to create a unified Russian nation with one nationality, one language, one religion, and a singular form of government. Front: Challenges Faced by Alexander III Back: Faced political violence, including radical groups and attempted assassinations. The assassination of his father in 1881 led to an intense desire for autocratic control. His reign was marked by an intense crackdown on political dissent and radical movements. Front: What contributed to the decreased support of the Soviet Union by 1985? Back: The erosion of the Soviet Union’s legitimacy, especially through Gorbachev's reforms, and growing dissatisfaction with the regime. Flashcard 5: Front: What was Gorbachev's willingness to negotiate and how did it affect communism's collapse? Back: Gorbachev’s negotiations with Western leaders helped reduce Cold War tensions but also highlighted Soviet weakness, contributing to the collapse of Eastern European communism. Flashcard 6: Front: How did Gorbachev’s good relationship with the West influence the collapse of communism? Back: His improved relations with the West signaled the end of the Cold War, diminishing the ideological foundation of the Soviet regime and the unity of Eastern Europe. Flashcard 7: Front: What role did human mistakes and coincidences play in the collapse of communism? Back: Gorbachev's idealistic reforms and mistakes, combined with unintended events, accelerated the collapse by weakening the system without creating a stable alternative. Flashcard 8: Front: What did Gorbachev's crackdown on alcoholism do to the Soviet economy? Back: Gorbachev’s crackdown on alcoholism worsened the economic problems, as it reduced productivity and created social unrest. Flashcard 9: Front: How did Gorbachev's economic reforms contribute to the collapse of communism? Back: Gorbachev’s economic reforms were poorly executed, leading to a collapse of the economy, high inflation, and widespread dissatisfaction with his policies. Flashcard 10: Front: Why did Gorbachev face opposition from both conservatives and democrats? Back: His reforms were seen as too radical by conservatives and insufficient by democrats, leaving him without support from either side. Flashcard 11: Front: How did Gorbachev’s attempt to remove repression affect the Soviet Union? Back: Gorbachev’s attempt to remove repression without dismantling the system led to its collapse, as the Soviet Union could not survive without the controlling structure it had relied on. Flashcard 12: Front: How is Gorbachev viewed in the West vs. Russia? Back: In the West, Gorbachev is seen as a hero for ending the Cold War, but in Russia, he is viewed less favorably due to the economic hardships during his reforms. Flashcard 13: Front: What was Gorbachev's role in Cold War politics? Back: Gorbachev succeeded in easing tensions between the USSR and the USA, playing a crucial role in the end of the Cold War. Flashcard 14: Front: What did Gorbachev mean when he said, "The failure was not his but the world"? Back: Gorbachev believed that global forces, not his actions, were to blame for the collapse of communism and the Soviet Union. Flashcard 15: Front: How was Gorbachev’s leadership described by some critics? Back: Gorbachev was described as “good as messiah but lost as a politician,” meaning he was idealistic but ultimately failed to manage the political system. Flashcard 16: Front: What was the impact of Gorbachev’s reforms by the end of his reign in 1990? Back: By 1990, 25% of citizens were below the poverty line, the rouble collapsed, over 3 million people left the CPSU, and the hardline communists attempted a failed coup. Flashcard 17: Front: What happened to the Soviet Union's currency in 1991? Back: The rouble collapsed in 1991 when price controls were removed, leading to rampant inflation. Front: What was the criticism about Gorbachev’s withdrawal from the Soviet Bloc? Back: Critics argue that Gorbachev's withdrawal from the Soviet Bloc left him vulnerable to growing opposition within the Soviet Union, which contributed to the eventual collapse of the Soviet state. Flashcard 5: Front: What event led to the breakdown of the Berlin Wall and the reunification of Germany? Back: A mistake by a press secretary, saying East Germans could cross the border immediately instead of in a few months, caused people to flock to West Germany, leading border guards to open the gates, and the wall fell. Flashcard 6: Front: How did the leader of West Germany frame the reunification of Germany? Back: The leader of West Germany framed reunification as a way to escape poverty in East Germany, which was a significant factor in convincing East Germany to agree. Flashcard 7: Front: Why was France in favor of German reunification? Back: France supported German reunification because they saw it as a way to create a strong European alliance with Germany, paving the way for the European Union. Flashcard 8: Front: Why did Margaret Thatcher oppose German reunification? Back: Thatcher opposed German reunification because she feared the rise of a powerful Germany, particularly the potential creation of a dominant European alliance with France, and the shift in European power dynamics. Flashcard 9: Front: Why did the USA agree to German reunification? Back: The USA agreed to reunification because a powerful Germany would not affect the USA directly, and it would reduce Soviet influence by moving NATO troops closer to Russia. Flashcard 10: Front: What was Gorbachev’s position on German reunification? Back: Gorbachev feared a powerful German rival but needed money from Eastern Europe and wanted to sell East Germany under certain conditions, such as no NATO bases in East Germany and not framing the withdrawal as a retreat. Flashcard 11: Front: What were Gorbachev’s conditions for agreeing to German reunification? Back: Gorbachev’s conditions included no NATO bases in East Germany and not presenting the withdrawal of Soviet forces as a retreat. Flashcard 12: Front: What were the key factors leading to the peaceful revolution in Czechoslovakia? Back: The peaceful protests in Czechoslovakia were driven by student protests, theatre company actions, national protests, police brutality, and the eventual decision by the party to let go of power. Front: What was the Brezhnev Doctrine, and how did Gorbachev approach it? Back: The Brezhnev Doctrine justified Soviet intervention in Eastern Europe. Gorbachev dismissed it and did not oppose German reunification. Flashcard 5: Front: What was the Sinisterna Doctrine, and what did Gorbachev hope it would achieve? Back: The Sinisterna Doctrine allowed countries in the Warsaw Pact to make their own decisions. Gorbachev hoped they would adopt reforms similar to his own perestroika, but underestimated that it could lead to the collapse of these governments. Flashcard 6: Front: What was the significance of the Geneva Summit in 1985? Back: At the Geneva Summit, Gorbachev and Reagan developed a friendly relationship, signaling a potential easing of superpower tensions. Flashcard 7: Front: What issues remained unresolved after the Geneva Summit in 1985? Back: Both the USA and USSR were still involved in the war in Afghanistan, and the USSR still had significant influence in Eastern Europe. Flashcard 8: Front: What happened at the Reykjavik Summit in 1986? Back: At the Reykjavik Summit, Gorbachev proposed abolishing all nuclear weapons by 2000, but Reagan refused to give up the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). However, the summit laid the foundation for the INF Treaty in 1987. Flashcard 9: Front: What did Reagan call for at the Reykjavik Summit in 1986? Back: Reagan called for Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall if he truly wanted to achieve international peace. Flashcard 10: Front: What occurred at the Moscow Summit in 1988? Back: The Moscow Summit paved the way for the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START), discussed human rights, and addressed regional issues. Flashcard 11: Front: What significant steps did Gorbachev take in 1988 to end the Cold War? Back: Gorbachev began political liberalization, withdrew Soviet troops from Afghanistan, reduced the Red Army, and advocated for the right of people to choose their government, with both capitalism and communism respecting universal human values. Flashcard 12: Front: What major event took place in 1989 related to the Berlin Wall and Eastern Europe? Back: The Berlin Wall was demolished in 1989, and communist governments in Eastern Europe collapsed one after another.

Russia Flashcards

(181 cards)