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CHINA Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the elevation pattern of China?

A

High in the west, low in the east.

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2
Q

What is the terrain of western China?

A

Mountainous with regions like the Himalayas.

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3
Q

What desert is in China?

A

Tarim Basin.

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4
Q

Where are fertile plains found in China?

A

North China Plain and Sichuan Basin.

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5
Q

Which direction do most Chinese rivers flow?

A

Eastwards.

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6
Q

What is a major river basin in China?

A

Yellow River basin.

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7
Q

What are rivers in China crucial for?

A

Transport, irrigation, and hydroelectric power.

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8
Q

Factors affecting China’s drainage patterns?

A

Topography, climate, geology, human activity.

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9
Q

How many cities rely on groundwater in China?

A

Over 400 cities.

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10
Q

What region relies heavily on groundwater?

A

Northern China.

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11
Q

List major threats to water supply in China.

A

Pollution, drought, scarcity, over-extraction.

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12
Q

Why is water supply uneven in China?

A

Uneven distribution and short rainy seasons.

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13
Q

Trend in rural population?

A

Decline due to urban migration.

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14
Q

Who is moving to cities in China?

A

Working-age population.

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15
Q

Effect of migration on rural areas?

A

Aging population and loss of services.

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16
Q

What is the Hukou system?

A

Household registration system limiting migration benefits.

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17
Q

Why are there urban-rural disparities in China?

A

Access to healthcare, education, and public services.

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18
Q

Challenges in rural education?

A

Fewer resources, unqualified teachers, limited access.

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19
Q

What is the Gaokao advantage?

A

Better preparation in urban areas.

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20
Q

Legacy issues affecting welfare services?

A

Decentralized funding and economic reforms.

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21
Q

Key causes of regional disparities?

A

Unequal GDP and investment levels.

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22
Q

Government policy for rural healthcare?

A

New rural cooperative medical scheme.

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23
Q

Modern gains for women in China?

A

Education, healthcare, political participation.

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24
Q

Workplace challenges for women?

A

Gender pay gap, discrimination.

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25
What is meant by 'Leftover Women'?
Unmarried women in their late 20s and older.
26
Historical gender issues in China?
Foot binding, widow chastity, concubinage.
27
How has healthcare changed for women?
Improved reproductive and general health access.
28
Current domestic violence issues?
Legal protection is weak; abuse remains common.
29
How are Tibetans treated by the state?
Surveillance, sinicization, and control.
30
Economic development in minority regions?
Often involves environmental exploitation.
31
Status of LGBT rights in China?
Gradually improving socially, but not legally protected.
32
When was homosexuality decriminalized in China?
1997
33
What helps China’s water system?
HEP and port access.
34
What hinders China’s water supply?
Pollution, climate change, overuse.
35
What caused the 2021 Zhengzhou flood?
Record rainfall (617.1 mm in 3 days).
36
How many people were affected by Zhengzhou flood?
1 million.
37
What were the economic losses of Zhengzhou flood?
£17.6 billion.
38
How did China respond to the flood short-term?
Evacuations, rescue teams, temporary shelters.
39
Long-term flood prevention in China?
Sponge cities, flood defense upgrades.
40
When did the severe Yangtze drought occur?
July–September 2022.
41
Which provinces were affected by the drought?
Sichuan, Hubei, Hunan.
42
How long did the 2022 drought last?
Over 70 days.
43
Effects of the 2022 drought?
Water shortages, electricity rationing, crop failure.
44
What is China’s water diversion project?
South-North Water Transfer Scheme.
45
How much did the SNWTS project cost?
£62 billion.
46
What are the social issues of the water transfer project?
Relocation of 100,000s, destruction of 330,000 homes.
47
When did the Open Door policy begin?
1978 under Deng Xiaoping.
48
What are TVEs?
Town and Village Enterprises.
49
Benefits of TVEs?
Job creation, rural development, economic growth.
50
What are SEZs?
Special Economic Zones with relaxed trade laws.
51
Where is Shenzhen and why is it important?
Former fishing village, now tech hub due to SEZ status.
52
What are joint ventures?
Partnerships between Chinese and foreign companies.
53
When was the Equity Joint Venture Law passed?
1979
54
Impact of joint ventures?
Boosted FDI and technology transfer.
55
Recent economic trends in China?
Shift to AI, EVs, biotech, green energy.
56
What is “Made in China 2025”?
Strategy to become a high-tech manufacturing leader.
57
How has the government directed economic development?
Creating SEZs, tax breaks, land policies.
58
Which cities benefited from SEZ policies?
Shenzhen and Xiamen.
59
When did China join the WTO?
2001
60
When did China become the world’s largest exporter?
2009
61
How many people have been lifted out of poverty since 1978?
Over 800 million.
62
China’s GDP in 2023?
£17.8 trillion.
63
China’s role in 2015 Paris Agreement?
Proactive and committed to voluntary targets.
64
Why does China want UN influence?
Protects interests, shapes global rules.
65
How does China use its UN Security Council power?
Veto power, blocking sanctions.
66
Major causes of air pollution in China?
Coal, industry, vehicles.
67
Example of air pollution crisis?
2015 Shenyang “airpocalypse”.
68
Water pollution sources?
Industry, agriculture, urban waste.
69
How polluted are China’s rivers?
40% unfit for human contact.
70
Example of water pollution?
Yangtze River.
71
Causes of deforestation?
Agriculture, urbanization, overgrazing.
72
How much arable land is affected by erosion?
0.4
73
Example of desertification?
Gobi Desert expanding 3,600 km² per year.
74
What is China’s Great Green Wall?
Reforestation to stop desert expansion.
75
What are energy security issues in China?
Reliance on oil/gas imports, coal shortages.
76
Causes of rapid urbanisation?
SEZs, rural migration, infrastructure growth.
77
Impacts of urbanisation?
Pollution, land loss, waste.
78
China’s urban sustainability strategies?
Public transport, green spaces, smart cities.
79
What is Tianjin Eco-City?
Sustainable city project with Singapore.
80
Challenges of Tianjin Eco-City?
Low population growth, underused infrastructure.
81
Why reduce coal in China?
Major source of pollution.
82
What is China’s air pollution goal by 2060?
Carbon neutrality.
83
What was the “war on pollution” year?
2014
84
What city led clean energy reform?
Beijing.
85
What is the Gansu Wind Farm?
Massive renewable project.
86
Share of renewables by 2023?
Over 45% of power capacity.
87
Challenges to renewable energy in China?
Grid integration, continued coal use.
88
China’s renewable capacity target by 2030?
1,200 GW.
89
What are smart cities in China?
Urban areas using AI, big data, and clean tech.
90
What is China’s energy security plan?
Diversify sources, import partners, and invest abroad.
91
Which initiative helps overseas energy assets?
Belt and Road Initiative.
92
How is China improving power distribution?
Smart grids and energy storage systems.
93
What is green building?
Construction that conserves energy and materials.
94
What is compact city design?
Efficient urban planning minimizing sprawl.
95
How has China's employment structure changed?
Shift from agriculture to industry and services.
96
Driving forces behind China's job shift?
Urbanisation, reforms, tech, government policy.
97
Why is China called 'Workshop of the World'?
Manufacturing dominance, reforms, cheap labour.
98
Is China still the world's factory?
Shifting to high-tech, but costs rising.
99
How did China respond to 2008 crisis?
Promoted domestic consumption.
100
How did China address mid-2010 slowdown?
Cut industrial capacity, supported laid-off workers.
101
What’s the role of services in China's GDP?
Now the largest sector, surpassing manufacturing.
102
What is China’s Belt and Road Initiative?
Global infrastructure investment strategy.
103
Why does China promote national sovereignty in UN?
To limit external criticism of its policies.
104
What are the environmental pressures of urbanisation?
Pollution, waste, green space loss.
105
How is China mitigating urban environmental issues?
Reforestation, transport upgrades, legislation.
106
What are China’s clean energy targets?
Peak carbon by 2030, neutrality by 2060.
107
What type of energy is growing fastest in China?
Renewable energy sources like wind and solar.

GEOGRAPHY (5 decks)

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