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GEOGRAPHY > TECTONICS > Flashcards

TECTONICS Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

What is the continental crust made of?

A

Solid granite, 30–60 km thick.

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2
Q

What is the oceanic crust made of?

A

Denser basaltic rock.

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3
Q

What is the lithosphere?

A

The crust and uppermost mantle.

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4
Q

What is the asthenosphere?

A

Top 100 km of mantle; viscous.

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5
Q

What is the mantle composed of?

A

Peridotite, 2900–3000 km thick.

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6
Q

What makes up the outer core?

A

Liquid iron and nickel, 2300 km thick.

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7
Q

What makes up the inner core?

A

Solid iron and nickel, 1200 km thick.

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8
Q

What causes convection currents?

A

Heat from the core causes mantle rock to rise, move, and sink.

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9
Q

What is ridge push?

A

Newly formed lithosphere slides away from ridges due to gravity.

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10
Q

What is slab pull?

A

A dense subducting plate pulls the rest of the plate along.

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11
Q

What are the three types of plate boundaries?

A

Destructive, constructive, and transform.

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12
Q

What is a hotspot?

A

A plume of magma rising through the mantle, e.g. Hawaii.

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13
Q

What are the slopes of shield volcanoes like?

A

Gentle upper slopes, steeper lower slopes.

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14
Q

Why are shield eruptions less explosive?

A

Low-viscosity basaltic lava flows easily.

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15
Q

What defines stratovolcanoes?

A

Steep summit, layered eruptions, explosive felsic lava.

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16
Q

What is an acid dome volcano?

A

Steep-sided due to viscous rhyolitic lava.

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17
Q

How does a caldera form?

A

Collapse of a magma chamber after a massive eruption.

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18
Q

What is a pyroclastic flow?

A

Hot gas and ash moving at high speed, deadly and fast.

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19
Q

What type of lava is most dangerous?

A

Basaltic lava from fissure eruptions.

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20
Q

What is tephra?

A

Rock fragments ejected during an eruption.

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21
Q

What gases are released during eruptions?

A

CO₂, SO₂, and H₂S.

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22
Q

What is a lahar?

A

Volcanic mudflow of ash and water.

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23
Q

What is a Jokulhlaup?

A

Glacier flood caused by volcanic melting.

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24
Q

What type of volcano is Eyjafjallajökull?

A

Stratovolcano with effusive lava.

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25
Where is Eyjafjallajökull located?
On a divergent boundary—Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
26
What caused Jokulhlaups in Eyjafjallajökull?
Melting glacier water from volcanic heat.
27
What were local economic impacts of Eyjafjallajökull?
Farm destruction, water contamination, road closures.
28
International economic impact of Eyjafjallajökull?
£130 million/day airline losses due to ash cloud.
29
What was a key local social impact of Eyjafjallajökull?
800 evacuated, loss of power and water.
30
How did authorities respond during the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull?
Flight cancellations, evacuations, and satellite tracking.
31
What are P waves?
Fastest seismic waves; compressional.
32
What are S waves?
Slower; shear waves moving perpendicular to wave direction.
33
What are surface waves?
Travel along the Earth's surface, causing most damage.
34
What does the Richter scale measure?
Amplitude of seismic waves.
35
What is a weakness of the Richter scale?
Logarithmic and hard to interpret.
36
What is the Moment Magnitude Scale (MM)?
Measures total energy released, considers geology.
37
What is the Mercalli scale?
Measures intensity based on observed effects.
38
What is ground shaking?
Seismic waves cause structural collapse.
39
What is liquefaction?
Saturated soil loses strength and acts like a liquid.
40
What are aftershocks?
Smaller quakes after a major one.
41
How do tsunamis form?
Subduction zone earthquakes displace ocean water.
42
What magnitude was the Haiti earthquake?
7.0 on Richter scale.
43
What plate boundary caused the Haiti earthquake?
Transform margin.
44
What were short-term local impacts fo the Haiti earthquake?
60% infrastructure lost, 230,000 dead, 1.5M homeless.
45
What were international responses of the Haiti earthquake?
UN and USA aid, $100 million raised, debt suspension.
46
What does a hazard profile show?
Characteristics like magnitude, frequency, duration.
47
Limitations of hazard profiles?
Too generic and often subjective.
48
What is the PAR Model?
Explains disasters by linking vulnerability to pressures.
49
How does vulnerability affect risk?
Higher vulnerability increases disaster severity.
50
What are economic factors of tectonics?
Wealth, prediction technology, emergency services.
51
What are social factors of tectonics?
Education, density, perception.
52
What are political factors of tectonics?
Stability, preparedness, governance.
53
What are geographic factors of tectonics?
Isolation, urbanization, location near margins.
54
How can earthquakes be predicted?
Laser tiltmeters, gas sensors, seismographs.
55
How can volcanoes be monitored?
Gas emissions, ground deformation, seismic activity.
56
What tech predicts tsunamis?
Buoys, tide gauges, seabed pressure recorders.
57
How can people prepare for quakes?
Drills, education, emergency kits, EQ-proof buildings.
58
How can volcano impacts be reduced?
Mapping, evacuations, seawater lava cooling.
59
How are tsunami losses mitigated?
Coastal defences, early warning, elevated buildings.
60
What does modifying the loss involve?
Relief aid, insurance, reconstruction, resilience.

GEOGRAPHY (5 decks)

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