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Pom 2 > Cholesterol > Flashcards

Cholesterol Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major food molecules and where do they produce acetyl co A?

A

Sugars and fats produce acetyl coA in the mitochondria

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2
Q

What are the 3 primary sources that fats are derived from

A
  1. The diet.
  2. De novo biosynthesis (liver).
  3. Storage depots in adipose.
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3
Q

Where are bile salts generated?

A

The liver

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4
Q

Where are bile salts stored?

A

The gallbladder

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5
Q

During digestion, where do bile salts pass from and into?

A

From the bile duct into the intestines

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6
Q

What do bile salts do and why is it important?

A

They emulsify fats in the intestine, aiding digestion and absorption of fats and also of fat-soluble vitamins e.g. A, D, E and K.

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7
Q

What does a lack of bile salts result in?

A

Majority of fat passing through the gut undigested and unabsorbed resulting in steatorrhea (fatty stool).

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8
Q

What is Orlistat?

A

A weight loss drug

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9
Q

What enzymes does Orlistat inhibit?

A

Gastric and pancreatic lipases

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10
Q

By what percent does Orlistat inhibit fat absorption and how is this fat excreted?

A

up to 30%, and almost all of the fat is excreted through faeces

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11
Q

How long is orlistat affective at treating obesity for?

A

up to 2 years

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12
Q

What are the main side effects of Orlistat?

A

Abdominal pain, urgency to defecate, increased flatus and steatorrhea

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13
Q

What transports lipids in the plasma?

A

Lipoproteins

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14
Q

What are the 5 lipoproteins and where are their sources?

A

Chylomicrons (CM)- Intestines
Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)- Liver
Intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL)- VLDL
Low density lipoproteins (LDL)- IDL
High density lipoproteins (HDL)- Liver

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15
Q

What is the role of chylomicrons?

A

Dietary fat transport

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16
Q

What is the role of VLDLs?

A

Endogenous fat transport

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17
Q

What is the role of IDLs?

A

LDL precursor

18
Q

What is the role of LDLs?

A

Cholesterol transport

19
Q

What is the role of HDLs?

A

Reverse cholesterol transport

20
Q

What cell are digested dietary products absorbed by and where are they found?

A

Enterocytes that line the brush border of the small intestine.

21
Q

What happens to fats before incorporation into CM?

A

Triglycerides are resynthesized under the control of several enzymes

22
Q

How are CM transported and where?

A

Via the lymphatics and on into the bloodstream

23
Q

What do CMs acquire following release into the bloodstream and where from?

A

Apoproteins from HDL

24
Q

Where specifically do chylomicrons travel before entering the bloodstream?

A

From the lacteals of the intestine to the thoracic duct, to the left subclavian vein where they enter the bloodstream

25
Q

Where is Lipoprotein lipase located?

A

Capillary endothelial cells lining tissues including adipose, heart and skeletal muscle

26
Q

What happens to the fatty acids?

A

used in beta oxidation

27
Q

What happens to the glycerol?

A

Returned to liver for use in gluconeogenesis

28
Q

What type of molecule is cholesterol?

A

A steroid

29
Q

What does cholesterol do to membranes and how?

A

Increases or decreases membrane stiffness, depending on temperature and nature of membrane.

30
Q

What percentage of cholesterol in the body is found in cell membranes?

A

Over 90%

31
Q

What is the dietary cholesterol uptake limit in humans?

A

0.5g/day

32
Q

Name a precursor to cholesterol and how it is generated
Clarify how is it a precursor if it is generate from it

A

Pregnenolone is generated from cholesterol by the action of the enzyme desmolase

33
Q

How many classes of steroid hormones come from pregnenolone?

A

All 5

34
Q

What vitamin can be synthesised from cholesterol?

A

Vitamin D3

35
Q

What is required to initiate reaction to produce vitamin D3 from cholesterol?

A

Exposure of skin to sunlight

36
Q

What does vitamin D3 deficiency in childhood lead to?

A

Rickets

37
Q

What problem do lipoproteins solve?

A

Transporting hydrophobic molecules in an aqueous environment

38
Q

What does the phospholipid monolayer in a lipoprotein contain?

A

Cholesterol and apoproteins

39
Q

What is contained in the core of a lipoprotein?

A

Cholesterol esters and triacylglycerols

40
Q

Where are cholesterol esters synthesised, and where from?

A

In the plasma, from cholesterol and the acyl chain of phosphatidylcholine (lecithin)

41
Q

What enzyme is the reaction for synthesis of cholesterol esters catalysed by?

A

Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT).

42
Q
A

Pom 2 (5 decks)

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