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Pom 2 > Plasma > Flashcards

Plasma Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 components of blood and what percentage do they make up?

A

Plasma- 55%
Red cells- 45%
Buffy coat- 1%

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2
Q

What does the buffy coat consist of?

A

Leukocytes and platelets

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3
Q

What is serum?

A

Plasma without clotting factors

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4
Q

How is serum obtained?

A

Blood is taken into a tube without an anticoagulant, allowed to clot and then centrifuged.

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5
Q

What 2 things do SSTs (silicone separator tubes) contain and why?

A

A silica coating which induces clotting

A layer of gel forming a physical barrier between cells and serum

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6
Q

What percentage of our fluid is intracellular and extracellular?

A

Intracellular 55%
Extracellular 45%

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of extracellular fluid and what percentage of our total fluid do they make up?

A

Interstitial fluid- 36%
Plasma- 7%
Transcellular fluid- 2%

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8
Q

What are the 6 functions of plasma?

A

Clotting
Immune Defence
Osmotic pressure maintenance
Metabolism
Endocrine
Exocrine

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9
Q

Why is plasma important in clotting?

A

Clotting factors and von Willebrand factors are found in it

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10
Q

Why is plasma important in immune defence?

A

Antibodies and complement proteins are found in plasma

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11
Q

Why is plasma importance in metabolism?

A

Nutrients such as glucose, amino acids and vitamins are transported in the plasma

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12
Q

Why is plasma important in maintaining osmotic pressure ?

A

Proteins in plasma such as albumin help to maintain colloidal osmotic pressure

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13
Q

Why is plasma important in endocrine function?

A

Many hormones are soluble in plasma and following release into the blood travel to their target organs

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14
Q

Why is plasma important in exocrine function?

A

Waste products of cell metabolism such as urea are transported via the plasma fraction of the blood to the kidneys for removal

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15
Q

What percentage of plasma is make up from proteins?

A

7%

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of proteins in plasma?

A

Serum albumin and globulins

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17
Q

How can they be analysed

A

Electrophoresis

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18
Q

What percentage of total plasma proteins are made up from serum albumin?

A

55%

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19
Q

Where is serum albumin produced?

A

The liver

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20
Q

What are 2 functions of serum albumin?

A

Transport of lipids hormones and ions
Maintaining osmotic pressure of plasma

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21
Q

What is the role serum albumin plays in lipid absorptions/digestion etc (detailed)?

A

Fatty acids released by lipolysis from the breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue (body fat) are transported by albumin for use by tissues in 𝛃-oxidation.

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22
Q

What percentage of total plasma proteins are made up of globulins?

A

35%

23
Q

What are the 3 types of globulins?

A

Alpha, beta, and gamma

24
Q

Name an alpha-1 globulin.

A

alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1AT)

25
Q

Where is alpha globulin, alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1AT) produced?

A

The liver

26
Q

What type of enzyme does A1AT play a role in inhibiting?

A

Proteases

27
Q

A1AT protects tissues from a variety of enzymes, name one and where it is produced?

A

Neutrophil elastase, released by neutrophils during inflammation

28
Q

What can happen to people with A1AT deficiency?

A

Degradation of lung tissue, which leads to loss of elasticity and respiratory problems.

More vulnerable to inhaled pollutants e.g. smoke, dust.

29
Q

Name an alpha-2 globulin.

A

Haptoglobin

30
Q

What does haptoglobin bind to, and where is the thing they bind to released from, and what does it form?

A

Haptoglobin binds to haemoglobin released from erythrocytes resulting in a haptoglobin-haemoglobin complex

31
Q

What removes the haptoglobin-haemoglobin complex?

A

The spleen

32
Q

What can measuring haptoglobin levels help diagnose?

A

Haemolytic anaemia

33
Q

Name another alpha-2 globulin?

A

𝛂2 -macroglobulin

34
Q

What type of enzyme does 𝛂2 -macroglobulin inhibit?

A

Proteases

35
Q

What function does 𝛂2 -macroglobulin inactivate?

A

Fibrinolysis

36
Q

Name a beta globulin.

A

Transferrin

37
Q

Where is transferrin produced?

A

The liver

38
Q

What does transferrin do?

A

Transports dietary iron and iron released from ferritin stores

39
Q

Name 2 gamma globulins

A

Immunoglobulins and c-reactive protein

40
Q

What is the diagnostic use of gamma globulins?

A

Increases in the relative amounts of the gamma fraction of globulins can indicate infection or myeloma.

41
Q

What percentage of plasma is made up of electrolytes?

A

1%

42
Q

What are the 5 ions in plasma?

A

Na+
Ca2+
Mg2+
Cl-
K+

43
Q

Which ions is found 30 times lower in RBCs than plasma?

A

Na+

44
Q

Which ion is found 30 times lower in plasma than RBCs?

A

K+

45
Q

How is positive charge from intracellular potassium balanced?

A

Mainly by extracellular Cl-, but also by intracellular anions, such as proteins

46
Q

Why is intracellular Mg2+ important for enzymes?

A

It is a cofactor for many enzymes

47
Q

More than one third of ATP at rest is used to power what?

A

Na+-K+-ATPase (pump)

48
Q

Why is Na+-K+-ATPase (pump) important?

A

Maintains gradient of Na+ and K+, which is key to the functioning of electrically excitable cells

49
Q

When ATP levels are depleted, what happens to cell volume and why?

A

Cells become more spherical because of the inward movement of Na+ and water.

50
Q

How can plasma be used in passive immunotherapy?

A

Immunoglobulins in the gamma globulin fraction can be used to transfer immunity from one individual to another

51
Q

What is a passive immunotherapy called?

A

Intravenous Immunoglobulin G (IVIG)

52
Q

Hyperimmune globulin

A

Donors screened for high levels of IgG against a particular pathogen

The IgG fraction is isolated from plasma of donor and concentrated

53
Q

When is hyperimmune globulin given?

A

After high-risk exposure to pathogen

54
Q

Describe how convalescent plasma was used for Covid-19?

A
  1. Patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, develop antibodies against virus.
  2. After patient recovered (convalesced), blood donated to obtain antibody-rich plasma.
  3. Plasma tested for strength (affinity) and number of antibodies.
  4. If these levels are good, plasma given to patient infected with COVID-19.

Pom 2 (5 decks)

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