choline

Question 1

under certain conditions, choline, carnitine, and CoQ10 are considered __

Answer 1

under certain conditions, choline, carnitine, and CoQ10 are considered conditionally essential

Question 2

choline is not defined as a __, so there is no __

Answer 2

choline is not defined as a macro or micronutrient, so there is no recommended intake

Question 3

choline is __ soluble

Answer 3

choline is water soluble

Question 4

primary choline sources

Answer 4

animal foods

Question 5

rich source of choline

Answer 5

mammary glands

Question 6

choline forms

Answer 6

• free choline
• phosphatidylcholine
• lysophosphatidylcholine
• sphingomyelin
• betaine

Question 7

we can’t make choline from __, but it does serve as a __ donor and spares some __

Answer 7

we can’t make choline from betaine, but it does serve as a methyl donor and spares some choline requirements

Question 8

choline digestion requires

Answer 8

lipases

Question 9

phosphatidylcholine digestion

Answer 9

phospholipases (from pancreas) cleave phosphatidylcholine
products are absorbed into enterocyte

Question 10

free choline from foods is mainly absorbed in __ by __

Answer 10

free choline from foods is mainly absorbed in enterocyte by carrier-mediated transporters

Question 11

__ choline enters portal circulation
__ enters lymph bc it is packaged into chylomicrons

Answer 11

free choline enters portal circulation
phosphatidylcholine enters lymph bc it is packaged into chylomicrons

Question 12

at every step of the degradation of phosphatidylcholine, there is an __ product

Answer 12

at every step of the degradation of phosphatidylcholine, there is an absorbable product

Question 13

after degradation, PC enters __ bc it is contained in __

Answer 13

after degradation, PC enters lymph bc it is contained in chylomicrons

Question 14

some dietary choline is metabolized to __ by __

Answer 14

some dietary choline is metabolized to betaine by gut bacteria

Question 15

unabsorbed choline may reach cecum/colon where baceteria use it to produce

Answer 15

TMAO

Question 16

choline uptake is high in

Answer 16

liver
kidney
mammary gland
placenta
brain

Question 17

the liver uptakes a lot of choline bc it constantly synthesizes __

Answer 17

the liver uptakes a lot of choline bc it constantly synthesizes VLDL

Question 18

4 biological functions of choline

Answer 18

1. phospholipid synthesis
2. NT synthesis (acetylcholine)
3. one-carbon metabolism
4. TMAO

Question 19

choline one-carbon metabolism
__ –> __

Answer 19

choline one-carbon metabolism
betaine –> methionine synthesis

Question 20

de novo synthesis of choline
enzyme:
requires __

Answer 20

de novo synthesis of choline
enzyme: PEMT
requires SAM

Question 21

PEMT converts

Answer 21

phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) to phosphatidylcholine (PC)

Question 22

primary methyl group donor in one-carbon metabolism

Answer 22

methyl-THF

Question 23

if there is lack of __, choline becomes essential bc of its ability to contribute betaine

Answer 23

if there is lack of folate, choline becomes essential bc of its ability to contribute betaine

Question 24

chylomicron apolipoprotein

Answer 24

ApoB-48

Question 25

Kennedy pathway

Answer 25

CDP-choline must be synthesized as a precursor for phosphatidylcholine

Question 26

choline is important for __ development and preventing __

Answer 26

choline is important for brain development and preventing NTDs

Question 27

__ and __ are important to prevent NTDs

Answer 27

choline and folate are important to prevent NTDs

Question 28

TMAO is associated with __ and is derived from __ and __

Answer 28

TMAO is associated with CVD and is derived from choline and carnitine

Question 29

intestinal microbiota produce __ which is oxidized to __ by __ in __

Answer 29

intestinal microbiota produce TMA which is oxidized to TMAO by FMO in liver

Question 30

choline is not defined as a __, so there is no __

Answer 30

choline is not defined as a macro or micronutrient, so there is no recommended intake