Coenzyme Q (CoQ)

Question 1

CoQ10 plays a role in cellular __ and is an important __

Answer 1

CoQ10 plays a role in cellular bioenergetics and is an important antioxidant

Question 2

absorption of CoQ10 is slow and limited b/c of its __ and __

Answer 2

absorption of CoQ10 is slow and limited b/c of its hydrophobicity and large molecular weight

Question 3

CoQ10 is taken up by all tissues including __ and __ __

Answer 3

CoQ10 is taken up by all tissues including heart and brain mitochondria

Question 4

CoQ is a __ occurring compound with properties similar to __

Answer 4

CoQ is a naturally occurring compound with properties similar to vitamins

Question 5

CoQ is aka

Answer 5

ubiquinone
bc it is ubiquitous

Question 6

CoQ is similar to vitamin _

Answer 6

CoQ is similar to vitamin K

Question 7

why is CoQ10 not considered a vitamin

Answer 7

bc it is synthesized in the body

Question 8

CoQ10 is a cofactor in the __ and is therfore essential for production of __

Answer 8

CoQ10 is a cofactor in the mitochondrial ETC and is therfore essential for production of ATP

Question 9

In ETC, CoQ10 is a __ agent that shuttles __ and __ in mitochondria

Answer 9

In ETC, CoQ10 is a redox agent that shuttles electrons and protons in mitochondria

Question 10

CoQ10 reduced form is called

Answer 10

hydroquinone

Question 11

hydroquinone (reduced CoQ10) helps to recycle and regenerate other __

Answer 11

hydroquinone (reduced CoQ10) helps to recycle and regenerate other antioxidants

Question 12

CoQ10 supplements appear to help __ and __

Answer 12

CoQ10 supplements appear to help CVD and neurodegenerative diseases

Question 13

CoQ10 is lipophilic/lipophobic

Answer 13

CoQ10 is lipophilic

Question 14

absorption of CoQ10 is enhanced by the presence of __

Answer 14

absorption of CoQ10 is enhanced by the presence of lipids

Question 15

gastric digestion of food matrix is important for __

Answer 15

gastric digestion of food matrix is important for CoQ10 digestion

Question 16

after being absorbed, CoQ10 is packed into __ and transported via __ to circulation

Answer 16

after being absorbed, CoQ10 is packed into chylomicrons and transported via lymphatics to circulation

Question 17

Does HDL contain any CoQ10?

Answer 17

a bit

Question 18

absorption of CoQ10 once in enterocyte

Answer 18

1. CoQ10 1st incorporated into chylomicrons following absorption and transported via the
   lymphatics to the circulation
2. CoQ10 is reduced to ubiquinol either during or following absorption in the intestine
3. Ubiquinol appears as part of mesenteric triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins
4. Lipoprotien lipase converts mesenteric triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins into chylomicron
   remnants in circulation
5. Chylomicron remnants are taken up rapidly by the liver where CoQ10 is repackaged
   mostly into VLDL/LDL particles and rereleased into circulation

Question 19

plasma CoQ10 levels depend on __

Answer 19

plasma CoQ10 levels depend on plasma lipoproteins

Question 20

95% of CoQ10 in circulation exists as __ (__ form)

Answer 20

95% of CoQ10 in circulation exists as ubiquinol (reduced form)

Question 21

CoQ10 is found in __ tissues

Answer 21

CoQ10 is found in all tissues

Question 22

CoQ10 has higher concentrations in tissues with __ such as __, __, __, and __

Answer 22

CoQ10 has higher concentrations in tissues with higher energy requirements such as heart, liver, kidney, and muscle

Question 23

CoQ10 also has higher concentrations in tissues with high __ content, such as __

Answer 23

CoQ10 also has higher concentrations in tissues with high lipid content, such as membranes

Question 24

high conc of CoQ10 in which part of mitochondria?

Answer 24

inner membrane

Question 25

CoQ10 has highest conc in (2)

Answer 25

1. tissues with high energy requirements 2. parts of cell with high lipid content

Question 26

most CoQ10 is in the __ form except in the brain and lungs where it is in its __ form

Answer 26

most CoQ10 is in the **reduced** form except in the brain and lungs where it is in its **oxidized** form

Question 27

2 reduced forms of CoQ10

Answer 27

hydroquinone ubiquinol

Question 28

RBC have __ CoQ10 bc

Answer 28

RBC have **little** CoQ10 bc **they lack mitochondria**

Question 29

CoQ10 is in most reduced state in (3) tissues

Answer 29

plasma intestine liver

Question 30

CoQ10 is synthesized de novo in __ tissues, so there is no need for __ supply

Answer 30

CoQ10 is synthesized de novo in **all** tissues, so there is no need for **exogenous** supply

Question 31

intestinal absorption of CoQ10 is __

Answer 31

intestinal absorption of CoQ10 is **limited**

Question 32

metabolism of CoQ10: what do we know?

Answer 32

not much

Question 33

metabolism studies with radiolabeled CoQ10 and CoQ7 indicate that it is stored in __ and reabsorbed with __

Answer 33

metabolism studies with radiolabeled CoQ10 and CoQ7 indicate that it is stored in **liver** and reabsorbed with **bile**

Question 34

in rats, exogenous CoQ10 can be converted to __

Answer 34

in rats, exogenous CoQ10 can be converted to **CoQ9**

Question 35

in a rat study with labeled CoQ10, all organs that took up labeled CoQ10 also contained __

Answer 35

in a rat study with labeled CoQ10, all organs that took up labeled CoQ10 also contained **water soluble metabolites**

Question 36

most CoQ10 is excreted by __, but some in __

Answer 36

most CoQ10 is excreted by **kidneys**, but some in **feces**

Question 37

CoQ10 is metabolized in __ tissues, the metabolites are __ in the cells, transported in the __ to the __, and excreted into the __

Answer 37

CoQ10 is metabolized in **all** tissues, the metabolites are **phosphorylated** in the cells, transported in the **blood** to the **kidney**, and excreted into the **kidney**

Question 38

main way to assess CoQ10 status

Answer 38

plasma or serum concentration from FASTED samples

Question 39

plasma CoQ10 levels reflect (2)

Answer 39

1. amount of absorbed CoQ10 2. Approximate tissue CoQ10 content

Question 40

how much does dietary CoQ10 contribute?

Answer 40

not much at all

Question 41

CoQ10 is used to treat __, __, and __ disease bc of its role in __ and __

Answer 41

CoQ10 is used to treat **cardiovascular**, **mitochondrial**, and **neurologic** disease bc of its role in **mitochondrial function** and **cellular bioenergetics**

Question 42

CoQ10 is present in __ tissues, especially those with __ | takeaway

Answer 42

CoQ10 is present in **ALL** tissues, especially those with **high energy requirements**

Question 43

__ contain high conc of CoQ10 | takeaway

Answer 43

**mitochondria** contain high conc of CoQ10

Question 44

CoQ10 is an important __ __ | takeaway

Answer 44

CoQ10 is an important **lipophilic** **antioxidant**

Question 45

CoQ10 is synthesized de novo by __ | takeaway

Answer 45

CoQ10 is synthesized de novo by **eevry cell in the body**

Question 46

CoQ10 is very __ and __, so absorption is slow and limited

Answer 46

CoQ10 is very **hydrophobic** and **large**, so absorption is slow and limited