CHOP 6.3 - DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Flashcards
Design Development
During the design development phase, the selected scheme, which was prepared during the schematic design phase, is refined and developed in more detail.
Whereas the schematic design generally describes “what” is being built, the design development phase explores and determines “how” it is being built and how it will operate, with design features of the project more fully developed.
Design Development Tasks
During this phase, refining the design usually entails the following tasks:
1) preparation and coordination of all architectural, structural, mechanical and electrical designs.
2) preparation of outline specifications.
3) performing preliminary modelling and simulations (such as energy analysis).
4) developing construction phasing and occupant decanting scenarios.
5) development of a regulatory compliance strategy including reviews with authorities having jurisdiction to test the assumptions made in schematic design and to make any adjustments.
6) preparation of presentation documentation.
7) update of the construction cost estimate.
8) update of the schedules for design, preparation of construction documents, and time frame (schedule) for construction.
At this stage, the input and collaboration of the consultant team is essential to the success of the project. The activities of coordination do not begin just as contract document product approaches completion, but throughout the entire design process.
Design Development Tasks
During design development, the client is responsible for the following:
1) reviewing and commenting on the design.
2) providing written approval of the design and authorizing the preparation of construction documents.
Design Development Tasks
During design development, the architect should assess the specifications of various materials as well as their cost and performance to determine if they meet the client’s needs, as stated earlier in the pre-design and schematic design phases.
Prior to making a final recommendation to the client, the architect should review the following factors:
1) availability of the product or system - types/durations of warranties available.
2) available technical data
3) performance criteria
4) maintenance requirements
5) physical characteristics
6) Fabrication and installation
7) Capital cost
8) Operating cost
9) construction phasing and schedule implications
10) past performance
11) comparative analysis
12) requirements and products to meet accessibility or sustainable “green” building initiatives.
Engineering Services for Design Development
Collaboration with the engineers should begin in the schematic design phase of the project and continue with greater intensity during design development.
Structural
During the schematic design stage, the structural engineer may have developed alternative framing plans which indicate basic elements, such as typical bays and their spacing together with their associated costs.
At this stage, an economical and functional framing system and appropriate bay size should be selected; however, the architect and engineer must also account for several other considerations, such as availability of the material and appearance of the system.
to commence design development, the architect should provide the structural engineer with the following information:
1) the soils or geotechnical report.
2) the selected schematic design.
3) known restrictions regarding the locations of columns or other structural supports.
4) defined areas, including use, size and finishes.
5) preliminary code analysis including fire separations and fire ratings.
6) the size and locations of openings.
7) construction materials.
8) a confirmation of the method of construction project delivery and the expected time frame.
Mechanical
The client’s requirements for operation and maintenance and the requirement for emergency standby and dual-equipment systems may have been included in the functional program. If these were not part of the program, the architect should assist the engineers in determining the client’s needs and ascertain if the mechanical design meets them.
To undertake design development, the mechanical engineer will require various types of information, including:
1) the selected schematic design.
2) operating cost projections.
3) type of glazing.
4) hours of occupancy of the building.
5) allowable variation in room temperatures and humidity.
6) areas requiring special treatment.
7) preliminary code analysis.
8) requirements for mechanical system controls.
9) analysis of special water quality parameters and special waste removal equipment.
10) other special equipment.
During the design development phase, the mechanical engineer selects equipment for and resolves
Electrical
To carry out the design development documents, the electrical engineer requires the following information:
1) The selected schematic design.
2) Information on typical areas, function, size, finish…
3) The future expansion and flexibility required.
4) Location and power consumption.
5) The method of construction.
During the design development phase, the electrical engineer resolves design issues related to the electrical systems.
For the lighting design, the architect works with the electrical engineer to develop lighting layouts. These layouts are often developed with the use of the architectural reflected ceiling plans with input from the electrical engineer or a specialist lighting consultant.
Municipal Services and Site Systems
To carry out the design development documents, the civil or site servicing engineer requires the following information:
1) The soils or geotechnical report.
2) The selected schematic design.
3) Occupant loading.
4) Capacity of the municipal services supplied to the site ( electrical power, water, sewer…)
5) Municipal construction projects planned near by.
6) Locations of non municipal services (telephone, data…)
7) topographic survey.
8) Below grade services.
9) Known restrictions.
10) Sustainable and regenerative design strategies.
During the design development phase, the civil engineer resolves the design issues related to site servicing systems
Landscape Architecture
Landscape architects integrate and apply knowledge of ecology, socio-cultural factors, economics, and aesthetics to create outdoor (and sometimes indoor) environments that are functional, innovative, appropriate and attractive.
To carry out the design development documents, the landscape architect requires the following information:
1) the selected schematic design at both the building(s) and site levels.
2) a thorough briefing of the architectural design approach .
3) site above-ground and below-ground utilities locations.
4) pedestrian and vehicular access points.
5) viewing cones, privacy needs.
6) programmatic requirements for urban design elements such as bicycle racks, benches, gathering spaces, etc.
7) Specialized items such as sculptures, monuments, gazeboes, screens, decorative walls, etc.
8) Site lighting requirements.
9) other programmatic or site requirements requested.
At this stage, the landscape architect will prepare, in close collaboration with the architect drawings (site, planting layout, detailed plant list, concept elevations, grading plan, drainage plan, site lighting, permit application documents, perspective drawings).
Coordination as a Defined Service
Clients may choose to enter a contractual relationship with engineering firms directly, rather than the architect retaining those firms. The role of the architect as coordinating consultant and the scope of services must be explicitly stated to ensure that all building and site systems are presented as an integrated whole.
Regulatory Reviews and Approvals
Development permits and planning approvals are frequently obtained sometime after completing schematic design, or during design development. Although there is much variation between regions and municipalities, application for a building permit is usually made upon completion of construction documents.
keeping in contact with the authorities throughout the various project phases maintains their awareness, and promotes earlier resolution of any concerns they may have.
Building Cost Analysis
The architect or a specialist cost consultant ought to prepare an updated estimate of the construction cost during design development. Additional design information from the design development phase facilitates the preparation of a more complete and accurate estimate
Documentation and Presentation
The design development documents are used for a variety of purposes and by several participants in the design process. Some of the uses of these documents include:
1) client review and approval
2) client marketing
3) reviews with authorities having jurisdiction and interested stakeholder groups.
4) subconsultant input and coordination.
5) update of construction cost estimates.
6) the basis to prepare the construction document.
It is important at this stage of the project for the architect to present, review, and then secure formal, written approval from the client and other key stakeholders of major building components and the site design.
Drawings
The drawings produced at the design development stage should provide adequate information to the client, consultants, and authorities having jurisdiction to explain major components of the project.
1) the site plan.
2) all floor plans and all building elevations.
3) building sections.
4) un-rendered isometric views.
5) plans describing the structural, mechanical and electrical systems.
6) details of significant design features.
7) any special exiting or code-related plans.
8) preliminary furniture and equipment layouts.
9) presentation drawings.
