Chp 1-4 (midterm 1)

Question 1

What are the periods of development?

Answer 1

Prenatal- conception to birth
Infancy- birth to 24mo
Early childhood- 24mo to 6yrs
Middle late childhood- 6yrs to 11yrs
Adolescence- 10/12 yrs to 19 yrs

Question 2

Explain continuity vs discontinuity view in development

Answer 2

Continuous view- children stay on same path throughout development (gradual change)

Discontinuous view- children can change paths at any point in development

Question 3

What are Piaget’s cognitive developmental stages, explain

Answer 3

sensorimotor- birth to 2 yrs
infant constructs understanding of world using sensory actions

preoperational- 2yrs to 7yrs
begins to represent world with words and images beyond sensory and into physical

Concrete operational- 7rs to 11yrs
can now logically reason and classify objects into different sets

Formal operational-11 yrs to adult
more abstract thinking

Question 4

Explain Vygotsky’s sociocultural cognitive theory

Answer 4

Adults convey to children beliefs, customs and skills of their culture
knowledge is constructed through interactions with other people and objects in the culture ex: books

Question 5

define genetic imprinting

Answer 5

when a gene has a different effects depending on if the mother or father passed on the gene. When genetic imprinting goes wrong it can lead to a growth disorder ex Wilms tumor

Question 6

define polygenetic inheritance

Answer 6

few characteristics reflect the influence of only a single gene or pair of genes. Most are determined by interaction of many different genes (polygenetically determined)

Question 7

what are the 6 types of prenatal diagnostic tests

Answer 7

ultrasound sonography (looking at structure)
Fetal MRI (structure)
chronic villus sampling (sample of placenta)
amniocentesis (amniotic fluid test risk of miscarriage 1 in 200)
maternal blood screening (measures AFP which indicates baby liver function)

Question 8

What are the 3 methods of assisted reproduction

Answer 8

Invitro fertilization (sperm & egg combined in lab dish
gamete intrafallopian transfer ( egg & sperm directly inserted into fallopian tube
zygote intrafallopian transfer (eggs fertilized in lab then inserted into fallopian tube)

Question 9

What are the 3 germ layers and what do they become?

Answer 9

endoderm- inner layer of cells (digestion and respiratory)
mesoderm- circulatory system (middle layer)
ectoderm- outer layer (skin, nails)

Question 10

What are the 3 main stages of fetal development and when do they occur

Answer 10

germinal period- conception to 4 weeks
embryonic period- 8 weeks
fetal period- 2 months after conception to birth

Question 11

What is the goal of each stage of fetal development

Answer 11

germinal- cell division
embryonic- organogenesis (development of the 3 support systems)
fetal- growth

Question 12

What are the 2 interventions used in the NICU for preterm/low birth weight babies

Answer 12

Kangaroo care (skin to skin)
infant massage

Question 13

What is the difference between the Apgar score and the Brazeltor neonatal behavioural assessment scale

Answer 13

Apgar- assess infant health 1-5min after birth evaluates respiratory, muscle tone etc 7-10=good 5= possible developmental issues 3 or under= emergency

Brazeltor- preformed 24-26hrs after birth to access neurological development 16 relaxes tested

Question 14

explain cephalocaudal pattern

Answer 14

sequence where fastest growth occurs at top (head) physical growth in size wight etc works its way to bottom

Question 15

explain proximodistal growth

Answer 15

growth sequence that starts at centre of body and moves outward

Question 16

explain neuroconstructivist view

Answer 16

biological processes (genes) and environmental conditions influence brain development, development is context based

Question 17

What are the 2 key brain developments during the 1st 2 yrs of life

Answer 17

myelin sheath- layer of fat cells speeds up electrical impulse along axon
Myelination- encasing axons with myelin sheath

Question 18

What are the 2 conditions that result from malnutrition

Answer 18

Marasmus- protien/calorie deficiency= body wasting away, muscles atrophy

Kwashiorkor- portie defence between age 1-3 (childs abdomen fills with water & hair falls out) edema

Question 19

chromosomal abnormality vs gene linked abnormality

Answer 19

chromosomal- when gamete is formed the sperm and ovum don’t have normal set of 23 chromosomes

gene linked- genetic problem caused by one or more abnormalities formed in genome ex:cystic fibrosis, hemophilia